HIV/AIDS

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Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd Edition)

1. 1. Investing in Health
   1. The 20th Century Takeoff in Human Health
   2. The Economic Benefits of Better Health
   3. Child Health
   4. HIV/AIDS
   5. Noncommunicable Disease and Injury
   6. Health System Development and Finance
   7. Development Assistance for Health
   8. Conclusions
2. 2. Intervention Cost–Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages
   1. Assessing the Evidence on the Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
   2. Discussion
3. 3. Strengthening Health Systems
   1. History and Current Themes
4. 4. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
   1. Needs, Context, Opportunities, and Major Challenges
   2. Priority Setting
5. 5. Science and Technology for Disease Control: Past, Present, and Future
   1. Science, Technology, and Medicine in the Future
6. 6. Product Development Priorities
   1. Diagnostics
   2. Financing and Institutional Arrangements for New Product Development
   3. Intellectual Property
7. 8. Improving the Health of Populations: Lessons of Experience
   1. Cases
   2. Intervention Type, Programmatic Characteristics, and Policies
8. 9. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
   1. Scaling Up: Defining Interventions and Removing Constraints
   2. What Do Countries Need To Do?
9. 10. Gender Differentials in Health
   1. Antecedents
   2. Women's Excess Disease Burdens
10. 11. Fiscal Policies for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
    1. Subsidies for Health and Health-Related Products
    2. Fiscal Policy to Promote Health
11. 12. Financing Health Systems in the 21st Century
    1. Health Financing Systems
12. 13. Recent Trends and Innovations in Development Assistance for Health
    1. Trends and Gaps in Development Assistance for Health
    2. Making Development Assistance for Health More Effective: Lessons Learned
    3. Recent Innovations to Improve the Effectiveness of Development Assistance for Health
    4. Conclusions
13. 14. Ethical Issues in Resource Allocation, Research, and New Product Development
14. 15. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis for Priority Setting
    1. Definition and Characteristics of Interventions
    2. Estimating Effectiveness in Health
15. 16. Tuberculosis
    1. Tuberculosis Infection, Disease, and Death
    2. Epidemiological Burden and Trends
    3. Interventions against Tuberculosis
    4. Alternative and Complementary Approaches to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Active Disease
    5. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions against Tuberculosis
    6. Cost-Effectiveness of Managing Tuberculosis Outbreaks
    7. Summary of Cost-Effectiveness Analyses
    8. Research and Development
    9. Conclusions
16. 17. Sexually Transmitted Infections
    1. Introduction
    2. Bacterial and Viral STIs and Their Sequelae
    3. Burden of STIs and Benefits of Control
    4. Effectiveness of the Principal Interventions
    5. Scaling Up Control Strategies
    6. Conclusions
17. 18. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment
    1. Obstacles to HIV Control
    2. Action under Uncertainty
    3. Prevention in Theory and Practice: Using Epidemic Profiles and Contextual Factors to Inform Prevention Guidelines
    4. Prevention-Care Synergy
    5. Care and Treatment
    6. Research Agenda
    7. Conclusion
18. 19. Diarrheal Diseases
    1. Preventive Strategies
19. 20. Vaccine–Preventable Diseases
    1. Causes and Epidemiology of Diseases Prevented by Vaccines Used in National Immunization Programs
20. 23. Tropical Diseases Lacking Adequate Control Measures: Dengue, Leishmaniasis, and African Trypanosomiasis
    1. Disease Characteristics and Transmission
21. 24. Helminth Infections: Soil–Transmitted Helminth Infections and Schistosomiasis
22. 25. Acute Respiratory Infections in Children
    1. Causes of ARIs and the Burden of Disease
23. 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
    1. Epidemiology of Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
    2. Cost-Effectiveness of Selected Intervention Packages
24. 27. Newborn Survival
    1. Interventions
25. 28. Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders
26. 33. Cardiovascular Disease
    1. Burden of Disease
27. 37. Skin Diseases
    1. Skin Diseases
28. 38. Oral and Craniofacial Diseases and Disorders
    1. Oral Manifestations of HIV/AIDS
29. 40. Interpersonal Violence
    1. The Nature, Burden, and Causes of Interpersonal Violence
30. 48. Illicit Opiate Abuse
    1. Nature, Causes, and Health Consequences of Illicit Opioid Use
    2. Interventions for Illicit Opioid Dependence
    3. Annex 48.A: Prevalence of Use, Adverse Health Effects of and Interventions for Cannabis, Cocaine, Amphetamines, and MDMA Use and Dependence
31. 49. Learning and Developmental Disabilities
32. 52. Pain Control for People with Cancer and AIDS
    1. Burden of Pain from Cancer and AIDS
    2. Interventions for Pain Relief
    3. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness
    4. Implementation of Strategies to Improve Pain Control
    5. Recommendations for Research and Development
    6. Conclusions
33. 55. Drug Resistance
    1. Risk Factors
34. 56. Community Health and Nutrition Programs
    1. Future Applications
35. 57. Contraception
    1. Intervention Cost and Cost-Effectiveness
    2. Research and Development Agenda
36. 58. School–Based Health and Nutrition Programs
    1. Infectious Disease and School-Age Children
    2. Interventions
    3. Research and Development Agenda
    4. Conclusions
37. 59. Adolescent Health Programs
    1. Nature and Causes of the Burden of Disease in Young People
    2. Interventions
    3. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    4. Economic Analysis
    5. Program Implementation and Lessons of Experience
    6. Research and Development Agenda
38. 60. Occupational Health
    1. Global Burden of Disease from Occupational Health Risks
39. 63. Integrated Management of the Sick Child
40. 64. General Primary Care
    1. The Scope of General Primary Care Practice
    2. A Research and Development Agenda for General Primary Care
41. 65. The District Hospital
    1. The Future: Research and Information Needs
42. 66. Referral Hospitals
    1. Current Balance of Care in Practice
43. 69. Complementary and Alternative Medicine
44. 71. Health Workers: Building and Motivating the Workforce
    1. Health Worker Incentives
45. 72. Ensuring Supplies of Appropriate Drugs and Vaccines
    1. The WHO Prequalification Schemes
    2. Issues for the Future

Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors

1. 1. Measuring the Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, 1990—2001
   1. Major Findings of the 2001 GBD Study
2. 2. Demographic and Epidemiological Characteristics of Major Regions, 1990—2001
   1. Changes in Mortality, 1990–2001
   2. Trends in Causes of Child Death, 1990–2001
3. 3. The Burden of Disease and Mortality by Condition: Data, Methods, and Results for 2001
   1. Estimating Deaths by Cause: Methods and Data
   2. Global and Regional Mortality in 2001
   3. Estimating Incidence, Prevalence, and YLD: Methods and Data
   4. Global Burden of Disease in 2001
   5. Discussion and Conclusions
4. 4. Comparative Quantification of Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Risk Factors
   1. Burden of Disease Attributable to Individual Risk Factors
   2. Burden of Disease Attributable to Multiple Risk Factors
   3. Discussion

Priorities in Health

1. 1. Accomplishments, Challenges, and Priorities
2. 2. Success in Addressing Priorities
3. 3. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis
   1. What Are Appropriate Tasks for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis?
   2. How Can Policy Makers Use Cost-Effectiveness Analysis?
4. 4. Cost–Effective Strategies for the Excess Burden of Disease in Developing Countries
   1. Infectious and Communicable Diseases
   2. Maternal and Neonatal Health
5. 5. Cost–Effective Strategies for Noncommunicable Diseases, Risk Factors, and Behaviors
   1. Tobacco Use
6. 6. Providing Interventions
   1. Cross-Level Services and Inputs
   2. Integration of Services Across the Life Cycle
7. 7. Pillars of the Health System

Chapter Presentations

Chapter 01. Investing in Health

1. Under-Five Deaths from AIDS, Malaria, and Other Causes, Sub-Saharan Africa
2. Preventing and Treating HIV/AIDS: How much health will a million dollars buy?

Chapter 02. Intervention Cost-Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages

1. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in Sub-Saharan Africa: HIV/AIDS and Maternal and Neonatal Care
2. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in South Asia: HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis
3. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for HIV/AIDS Treatment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
4. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for HIV/AIDS Prevention in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Chapter 06. Product Development Priorities

1. Product Development for HIV/AIDS and TB, Public-Private Partnerships, 2004

Chapter 18. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment

1. Cost-effectiveness of Voluntary Counseling and Testing for HIV/AIDS
2. Cost-effectiveness of Blood Safety Practices for HIV Prevention
3. Estimated Risk of HIV Transmission, By Type of Exposure
4. Cost-effectiveness of Peer-based Programs for Preventing HIV/AIDS
5. Cost-effectiveness of STI Treatment for Preventing HIV/AIDS
6. Cost-effectiveness of Antiretroviral Therapy for Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV
7. Cost-effectiveness of Harm Reduction for Injecting Drug Users for HIV Prevention
8. HIV/AIDS Epidemic Profiles

Chapter 09. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?

1. Effective Interventions to Achieve the HIV/AIDS MDG