10. Gender Differentials in Health

Table 10.A : Milestones and Influential Works in International Women's Health (1980-2003)

Milestones and Influential Works in International Women's Health (1980-2003)
YearMilestones and Influential work
1980
  • Maternal and child health

  • Infant feeding practices

  • Women's reproductive and fertility behaviors

1984
  • Child survival research (Mosley and Chen 1984)

  • Women's issues for child survival

19851985: UN Women's Conference in Nairobi
  • Gender perspective/framework (DAWN)

19871987: Safe Motherhood Initiative (World Bank)
  • Barber Conable speech (Conable 1986)

  • Herz and Measham 1987

1987: Reproductive Health and Dignity: Choices by Third World Women (International Women's Health Coalition)
  • Germain 1987

19881988: Women's Work and Nutrition (Leslie 1988)
  • Women's work and child nutrition (Leslie 1988)

  • Debunks myth of incompatibility between breastfeeding and work

19891989: Quality of Care for Women in Family Planning(Population Council)
  • Quality of care (Bruce 1990)

19901990-1994: 10 Working Papers (World Bank)
  • Life-stage focus: adolescents, postreproductive age, and so on

  • Burden focus: cervical cancer, abortion, HIV/AIDS, reproductive tract infections, violence, and so on

  • Socioeconomic, cultural, and legal factors affecting women's health

  • Policy directions for women's nutrition

  • Access and empowerment

  • Cost-effectiveness issues in women's health

  • Sector study of women's health in India (1992)

  • Missing women in India (A. K. Sen 1990)

19921992: Women's Health: Across Age and Frontier (WHO)
19931993: Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (World Bank)
19941994: New Agenda for Women's Health and Nutrition (World Bank)
  • Lifecycle approach to account for specific and cumulative effects of nutrition

  • Cost-effective intervention packages advocated

  • Women and AIDS (Mann 1993)

  • Stigma and lack of empowerment as risk factors

1994: International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo
  • Agenda setting, policy making, and programming for reproductive health since the 1994 Cairo conference

19951995: UN Beijing Women's Conference
  • Reproductive health and rights

19961996: In Her Lifetime: Female Morbidity and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa (Institute of Medicine)
  • Burdens exclusive to, greater for, and of particular significance to women reviewed

  • Burdens tracked across life span

19981998: Women, Aging and Health (WHO)
  • Social, cultural, political, economic determinants of major health issues facing aging and postmenopausal women

  • Life-cycle approach

1998: Gender and Health: A Technical Paper (WHO)
  • Role of social and cultural factors and power relations between men and women in promoting and protecting health

19991999: Safe Motherhood and the World Bank Effect of safe motherhood on labor supply, productive capacity, community economic well-being
1999: Gender and HIV/AIDS (Joint United Nations Program on HIV, International Center for Research on Women)
  • Gender-specific personal and societal vulnerability to HIV/AIDS

20002000: Women of South East Asia: Health Profile (WHO)
  • Life-cycle approach to review gender-specific and disproportionate burdens

2000: Improving Women's Health: Issues and Interventions (World Bank)
  • Role of biological and social factors in women's exposure risk and disease progression

  • Life cycle approach

20002000: Investing in the Best Buys (World Bank)
  • Emphasis on identifying and funding most cost-effective programs and factors that lead to program success

20022002: Reproductive Health Outlook: Older Women
  • Health conditions and interventions for older women

2002: International Position Paper on Women's Health and Menopause (National Institutes of Health)
  • Best clinical practices to address conditions associated with menopause

Source: Adapted from an original project proposal for this volume by S. Goldie, R. Anhang, and M. Buvinic. 2004. The Evolving Agenda for Women's Health.