Major Constraints to Countries' Absorption of Additional External Resources | Macroeconomic | Institutional | Physical and human | Social, cultural, and political |
| National government | Debt sustainability | Monetary and fiscal policy instruments | Administrative, management, and planning skills | Stable national political institutions |
| Competitiveness | | | Power-sharing mechanisms |
| Dutch disease | Exchange rate management | Training technicians and sector specialists | Social stability |
| Fiscal instruments and allocative mechanisms | n.a. | Public expenditure management: | Sector management skills | Cultural norms |
| | Budget preparation and execution | Connectivity and communications networks | Weak institutions |
| | Accounting and auditing | | Power-sharing mechanisms |
| Service delivery and local governments | n.a. | Local government institutions | Accessibility | Cultural norms |
| | Private sector capacity | Sanitation and waterSFTRETRoadsSFTRETGeographySFTRETLocal government skills and capacity | Ethnic, caste, and class relations |
Source: World Bank 2004a.
n.a. = not applicable.
