Effectiveness of HIV Interventions| Intervention | Outcome | Effect | Citations |
| School-based education | Sexual debut | The number of students reporting early sexual debut was significantly lower in the intervention group in both studies. | Hayes and others 2003; Stanton and others 1998 |
| Multiple sex partners | The number of students reporting multiple sex partners was significantly lower in the intervention group in both studies. | Fawole and others 1999; Hayes and others 2003 |
| Condom use | Condom use was significantly higher in the intervention group in three of the four studies and nonsignificantly higher in one study. | Fawole and others 1999; Harvey, Stuart, and Swan 2000; Hayes and others 2003; Stanton and others 1998 |
| HIV incidence | The study found no significant differences in HIV incidence. | Hayes and others 2003 |
| STI prevalence and incidence | The study found no significant differences in STI prevalence and incidence. | Hayes and others 2003 |
| Abstinence education | Condom use | The study found no significant differences in condom use. | Jemmott, Jemmott, and Fong 1998 |
| Early sexual debut | The study found no significant differences in early sexual debut. | Meekers 2000 |
| VCTa | Condom use | Condom use was significantly higher in the intervention group in six of the seven studies and unchanged in one study. | Bentley and others 1998; Bhave and others 1995; Deschamps and others 1996; Jackson and others 1997; Kamenga and others 1991; Levine and others 1998; Voluntary HIV-1 Counseling and Testing Efficacy Study Group 2000 |
| Unprotected intercourse | Unprotected intercourse was significantly lower in the intervention group in both studies. | Deschamps and others 1996; Voluntary HIV-1 Counseling and Testing Efficacy Study Group 2000 |
| HIV incidence | HIV incidence was significantly lower in the intervention group in one of the studies and nonsignificantly lower in the other study. | Bhave and others 1995; Celentano and others 2000 |
| STI prevalence and incidence | STI prevalence and incidence were significantly lower in the intervention group in all three studies. | Celentano and others 2000; Jackson and others 1997; Levine and others 1998 |
| Peer-based programs | Condom use | Condom use was significantly higher in the intervention group in all four studies. | Kelly and others 1997; Norr and others 2004; Sikkema and others 2000; Stanton and others 1996 |
| Unprotected intercourse | Unprotected intercourse was significantly lower in the intervention group in all four studies. | Basu and others 2004; Kegeles, Hays, and Coates 1996; Kelly and others 1997; Sikkema and others 2000 |
| Communication about condoms with partner | Communication was significantly higher in the intervention group. | Lauby and others 2000 |
| HIV incidence | HIV incidence was significantly lower in the intervention group in both studies. | Ghys and others 2002; Katzenstein and others 1998 |
| STI prevalence and incidence | STI prevalence and incidence were significantly lower in the intervention group. | Ghys and others 2002 |
| Condom promotion and distribution and IECa | Condom use | Condom use was significantly higher in the intervention group in 10 of the 11 studies and unchanged in 1 study. | Bentley and others 1998; Bhave and others 1995; Egger and others 2000; Ford and others 1996; Jackson and others 1997; Jemmott, Jemmott, and Fong 1998; Kagimu and others 1998; Laga and others 1994; Levine and others 1998; Ngugi and others 1988; Pauw and others 1996 |
| HIV incidence | HIV incidence was significantly lower in the intervention group in two out of three studies and nonsignificantly lower in one study. | Bhave and others 1995; Celentano and others 2000; Laga and others 1994 |
| STI prevalence and incidence | STI prevalence and incidence were significantly lower in the intervention group in all four studies. | Bhave and others 1995; Celentano and others 2000; Jackson and others 1997; Laga and others 1994; Levine and others 1998 |
| Condom social marketing | Condom use | Condom use was significantly higher in the intervention group in one study; no significant differences were found in the other study. | Agha, Karlyn, and Meekers 2001; Meekers 2000 |
| Early sexual debut | The study found no significant differences in early sexual debut. | Meekers 2000 |
| STI treatmenta | HIV incidence | HIV incidence was significantly lower in the intervention group in two of the studies, but the other two studies found no significant differences. | Grosskurth and others 1995; Kamali and others 2003; Laga and others 1994; Wawer and others 1999 |
| STI prevalence and incidence | The prevalence and incidence of STIs were significantly lower in the intervention group in all six studies. | Jackson and others 1997; Kamali and others 2003; Laga and others 1994; Mayaud and others 1997; Wawer and others 1999 |
| Antiretroviral therapy to reduce MTCT | Mother-to-infant transmissionb | Significant reduction in mother-to-infant HIV transmission in the intervention group was found in all eight studies, with a range of 33 to 67 percent reduction in transmission. | Ayouba and others 2003; Connor and others 1994; Dabis and others 1999; Guay and others 1999; Jackson and others 2003; PETRA Study Team 2002; Shaffer and others 1999; Wiktor and others 1999 |
| MTCT feeding substitutions | Mother-to-infant transmission | Use of breast milk substitutes prevented 44 percent of infant infections and was associated with significantly improved HIV-1-free survival. | Nduati and others 2000 |
| Harm reduction in injecting drug users | HIV incidence | Significant reduction in HIV incidence in the intervention group was found in both studies. | Des Jarlais and Friedman 1996; Hurley, Jolley, and Kaldor 1997 |
| Reuse or sharing of syringes | Significant reduction in needle sharing in the intervention group was found in all three studies; correlation between needle exchange program attendance and lower needle sharing was found in one study. | Jenkins and others 2001; Ksobiech 2003; Peak and others 1995; Vlahov and others 1997 |
| Drug substitution for injecting drug users | Drug use | This meta-analysis found significantly lower rates of drug use. | Metzger, Navaline, and Woody 1998 |
| Blood safety | HIV infections averted | HIV screening was associated with a reduction in HIV infections by both studies. | Foster and Buve 1995; Laleman and others 1992 |
| Units of HIV-positive blood averted | HIV screening was associated with a reduction in units of HIV-positive blood. | Jacobs and Mercer 1999 |
| Universal precautions | Blood volume transferred in needlestick injury | Glove material reduced the transferred blood volume by 46 to 86 percent. | Mast, Woolwine, and Gerberding 1993 |
| Antiretroviral therapy for prevention, postexposure prophylaxis | HIV seroconversion | The study found a significant relationship between seroconversion and not having received antiretroviral therapy. | Cardo and others 1997 |
| Behavior change for those HIV positive | Condom use | Condom use was significantly higher in the intervention group. | Kalichman and others 2001 |
| Unprotected intercourse | Unprotected intercourse was significantly lower in the intervention group. | Kalichman and others 2001 |
