26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions

Table 26.5: Care Packages at the Primary and Secondary Levels

Care Packages at the Primary and Secondary Levels
Level of care and conditionContentBase packageEnhanced package
Routine prenatal care at the primary levelaClinical examination, including for severe anemia, height and weight, blood pressureXX
Obstetric examination for gestational age estimation and uterine height, fetal heart, detection of malpresentation and position, and referralXX
Gynecological examinationXX
Urine test (multiple dipstick)XX
Laboratory tests: hemoglobin, blood type and rhesus status, syphilis and other symptomatic testing for sexually transmitted diseasesXX
Advice on emergencies, delivery, lactation, and contraceptionXX
Education about clean delivery, warning signs, and premature rupture of membranesXX
Iron and folic acid supplementationXX
Multivitamin supplementationX
Tetanus toxoid immunizationXX
HIV voluntary testing and counselingX
Antimalarial chemoprophylaxis in endemic areasX
Screening and treatment for syphilisXX
Balanced protein-energy supplementation for all womenX
Delivery care at the primary levelbClean delivery technique, clean cord cutting, clean delivery of baby and placentaXX
Active management of the third stage of labor, including oxytocicsXX
Episiotomy in appropriate casesXX
Recognition and first-line management of delivery complications (for example, obstructed labor, early detection of cephalopelvic disproportion, malposition and malpresentation, previous cesarean delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, and preeclampsia or eclampsia) and referralXX
Intravenous fluidXX
Intravenous uterotonics, if bleeding occursXX
PartographXX
Essential newborn careXX
Intravenous antibioticsXX
Magnesium sulfateX
Forceps or vacuum extractionX
Manual removal of placentaX
Removal of retained products of conceptionX
Corticosteroids for preterm laborX
Antiretrovirals for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIVX
Antibiotics for premature rupture of membranesX
CEmOC package at the secondary levelc
Postpartum hemorrhageRecognition of high-risk cases and arrangements for delivery in a facilityXX
Grouping of bloodXX
Iron and folate supplementationXX
Blood transfusionXX
Uterotonic drugs, oxytocicsXX
Bimanual compression of uterusXX
Manual removal of placentaXX
Uterine packing or balloon tamponadeXX
Fluid replacementXX
HysterectomyXX
Removal of products of conceptionXX
Secondary postpartum hemorrhage management (antibiotics, uterotonics, removal of products of conception, and fluid and blood replacement)XX
Antepartum hemorrhageEarly detection of major placenta previa and abruptionXX
Grouping and saving bloodXX
Iron and folate supplementationXX
Cesarean section for major-degree placenta previa, abruption with a live babyXX
Blood and fluid replacementXX
OxytocicsXX
SepsisAntibiotics for premature rupture of membranes, cesarean sectionXX
Fluid and blood transfusionXX
Intravenous antibioticsXX
Evacuation of products of conceptionXX
Drainage of abscessXX
Treatment of shock with fluids or blood, nitroglycerineXX
Pregnancy-inducedEarly detection and management of preeclampsiaXX
hypertensionCalcium supplementation in high-risk casesXX
Aspirin to prevent preeclampsiaXX
Antioxidants to prevent preeclampsiaXX
Intravenous magnesium sulfateXX
Antihypertensive drugs to reduce blood pressureXX
Immediate delivery if more than 36 weeksXX
Magnesium sulfate and antihypertensives for postpartum eclampsiaXX
Obstructed laborPartographXX
Cesarean sectionXX
SymphysiotomyXX
Destructive operationXX
AntibioticsXX
Fluid and blood transfusionXX
HysterectomyXX
AbortionEvacuation of retained products of conceptionXX
Intravenous antibioticsXX
Fluid or blood transfusionXX
Postabortion contraceptive adviceXX
Ectopic pregnancyProof puncture (culdocentesis)
Laparotomy and salpingectomy
Blood transfusion (autotransfusion)XX
High-risk infantForceps or vacuum extractiondXX
Corticosteroids for preterm laborX
Antiretrovirals for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIVX
Antibiotics for premature rupture of membranesX

Source: Authors.

= not available.

a. The base package includes the four-visit schedule recommended by WHO (Villar and others 2001).

b. The base package includes the provision of obstetric first aid (intravenous or intramuscular antibiotics and oxytocics). The enhanced package includes the availability of a doctor, and thus the full range of BEmOC (UNFPA 2003). In some settings, experienced midwives or clinical officers may perform all six BEmOC functions.

c. At the hospital level, prenatal or delivery care will also be provided for normal, uncomplicated cases and, thus, also includes all care listed in the first two panels of the table.

d. Forceps or vacuum delivery can also be used for several other conditions, such as prolonged labor (not obstructed), fetal distress, preterm birth, aftercoming head of breech, and preeclampsia to speed up delivery.