East Asia and Pacific

Nearly 2 billion people live in the world’s most populous region; more than half live in China. Since 1990, EAP has made considerable progress in reducing the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day. Gender equity has improved in schools: 97 girls are enrolled in primary and secondary schools for every 100 boys. Life expectancy at birth is relatively high: 67 years for males and 71 years for females.

Progress in health has been uneven, particularly in low-income countries (including Papua New Guinea and Democratic Republic of Korea) where the under-five mortality rate has only slowly declined since 1990; in one country (Cambodia), it has risen.

Publications

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Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd Edition)
  1. 1. Investing in Health
    1. Child Health
    2. Health System Development and Finance
    3. HIV/AIDS
    4. The 20th Century Takeoff in Human Health
  2. 2. Intervention Cost–Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages
    1. Assessing the Evidence on the Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
  3. 3. Strengthening Health Systems
    1. Assessment of Approaches to Strengthen Health System Capacity
    2. History and Current Themes
    3. Solutions in Low-Capacity Environments
  4. 4. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
    1. Key Recommendations
    2. Needs, Context, Opportunities, and Major Challenges
  5. 5. Science and Technology for Disease Control: Past, Present, and Future
    1. Medicine before the 20th Century
    2. Science, Technology, and Medicine in the 20th Century
    3. Science, Technology, and Medicine in the Future
  6. 7. Economic Approaches to Valuing Global Health Research
    1. The Value of Health Research
  7. 8. Improving the Health of Populations: Lessons of Experience
    1. Cases
    2. General Findings
    3. Intervention Type, Programmatic Characteristics, and Policies
  8. 9. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
    1. The Millennium Development Goals for Health: Progress and Prospects
    2. What Do Countries Need To Do?
  9. 10. Gender Differentials in Health
    1. Antecedents
    2. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    3. Priority Disease Groups for Women
  10. 11. Fiscal Policies for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
    1. Subsidies for Health and Health-Related Products
    2. Taxes and Tax Expenditures: Design and Outcomes
  11. 12. Financing Health Systems in the 21st Century
    1. Health Financing Issues in MICs
    2. Health Financing Systems
  12. 13. Recent Trends and Innovations in Development Assistance for Health
    1. Making Development Assistance for Health More Effective: Lessons Learned
    2. Recent Innovations to Improve the Effectiveness of Development Assistance for Health
    3. Trends and Gaps in Development Assistance for Health
  13. 16. Tuberculosis
    1. Alternative and Complementary Approaches to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Active Disease
    2. Conclusions
    3. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions against Tuberculosis
    4. Epidemiological Burden and Trends
    5. Interventions against Tuberculosis
    6. Summary of Cost-Effectiveness Analyses
  14. 17. Sexually Transmitted Infections
    1. Bacterial and Viral STIs and Their Sequelae
    2. Intervention Costs and Cost-Effectiveness
    3. Introduction
  15. 18. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment
    1. Care and Treatment
    2. Obstacles to HIV Control
    3. Prevention in Theory and Practice: Using Epidemic Profiles and Contextual Factors to Inform Prevention Guidelines
  16. 19. Diarrheal Diseases
    1. Case Management
    2. Preventive Strategies
    3. Public Health Significance of Diarrheal Illnesses
  17. 20. Vaccine–Preventable Diseases
    1. Conclusions
    2. Cost-Effectiveness of Increasing Immunization Coverage for the Traditional EPI
    3. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Adding New Antigens to the Current Immunization Schedule
    4. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Existing Vaccination Programs
    5. Estimates of the Current Burden of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases and of the Burden Averted by Vaccination
  18. 21. Conquering Malaria
    1. Causes, Epidemiology, Manifestations, and Diagnosis
    2. Economics of Malaria Control Interventions
    3. Interventions and Their Effectiveness
  19. 22. Tropical Diseases Targeted for Elimination: Chagas Disease, Lymphatic Filariasis, Onchocerciasis, and Leprosy
    1. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    2. Disease Burden
    3. Disease Characteristics and Transmission
    4. Interventions and Their Effectiveness
  20. 23. Tropical Diseases Lacking Adequate Control Measures: Dengue, Leishmaniasis, and African Trypanosomiasis
    1. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    2. Disease Burden
    3. Disease Characteristics and Transmission
    4. Management and Control Strategies
  21. 24. Helminth Infections: Soil–Transmitted Helminth Infections and Schistosomiasis
    1. Averted, Avertable, and Nonavertable Burden
    2. Causes and Characteristics of Helminth Infections
    3. Epidemiology of STH Infections and Schistosomiasis
    4. Research and Development
  22. 25. Acute Respiratory Infections in Children
    1. Interventions
  23. 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
    1. Annex 26.A: CEA Model Assumptions
    2. Epidemiology of Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
  24. 27. Newborn Survival
    1. Interventions
    2. Neonatal Deaths
  25. 28. Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders
    1. Interventions
  26. 30. Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions
    1. Interventions and Delivery Modes
    2. Lessons and Experience
    3. Nature and Distribution of Diabetes
  27. 31. Mental Disorders
    1. Cost-Effectiveness Methods and Results
    2. Policy and Service Implications
  28. 32. Neurological Disorders
    1. Acknowledgments
    2. AD and Other Dementias
    3. Epilepsy
    4. Parkinson's Disease
    5. Stroke
  29. 33. Cardiovascular Disease
    1. Burden of Disease
    2. Conclusions: Pitfalls and Promises
    3. Epidemiology of CVD
    4. Research and Development
  30. 34. Inherited Disorders of Hemoglobin
    1. Burden of Disease
    2. Control and Treatment
    3. Costs and Effectiveness of Diagnosis and Management
    4. Introduction
  31. 35. Respiratory Diseases of Adults
    1. Acute Diseases: Pneumonia and Influenza
  32. 36. Diseases of the Kidney and the Urinary System
    1. Causes of Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary System
    2. Economic Benefits of Intervention
    3. Implementation of Control Strategies: Lessons of Experience
    4. Research and Development Agenda
  33. 37. Skin Diseases
    1. Economic Assessments and Skin Diseases in Developing Countries
    2. Patterns of Skin Diseases at the Community Level
    3. Prevalence of Skin Diseases
    4. Skin Diseases
  34. 38. Oral and Craniofacial Diseases and Disorders
    1. Dental Caries
    2. Oral Manifestations of HIV/AIDS
    3. Oral Precancer and Cancer
  35. 39. Unintentional Injuries
    1. Burden and Causes of Unintentional Injuries
    2. Costs, Cost-Effectiveness, and Economic Benefits of Intervention
    3. Implementation of Prevention and Control Strategies
    4. Interventions
    5. Research and Development Agenda
  36. 42. Indoor Air Pollution
    1. Implementation of Control Strategies: Lessons from Experience
    2. Intervention Costs and Effectiveness
    3. Nature, Causes, and Burden of Condition
  37. 43. Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control
    1. Implementation of Control Strategies: Lessons of Experience
    2. Intervention Costs and Cost-Effectiveness
    3. Interventions
    4. Nature, Causes, and Burden of Air and Water Pollution
  38. 44. Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes
    1. Chronic Disease Prevention
    2. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    3. Interventions
  39. 45. The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
    1. Burden of the Disease, Condition, or Risk Factor
    2. Interventions
  40. 46. Tobacco Addiction
    1. Constraints to Effective Tobacco-Control Policies
    2. Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Tobacco-Control Interventions
    3. Health Consequences of Smoking
    4. Interventions to Reduce Demand for Tobacco
    5. Smoking Trends
  41. 48. Illicit Opiate Abuse
    1. Nature, Causes, and Health Consequences of Illicit Opioid Use
    2. Relevance to Developing Countries
  42. 49. Learning and Developmental Disabilities
    1. Interventions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  43. 50. Loss of Vision and Hearing
    1. Nature, Causes, and Epidemiology of Vision Loss
  44. 51. Cost–Effectiveness of Interventions for Musculoskeletal Conditions
    1. Burden of Musculoskeletal Disease
    2. Nature, Causes, and Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Conditions
  45. 53. Public Health Surveillance: A Tool for Targeting and Monitoring Intervention
    1. Selected Surveillance Strategies
    2. Surveillance for Specific Conditions
    3. The Role of Surveillance in Major Outbreaks
  46. 54. Information to Improve Decision Making for Health
    1. Systems and Supply of Health Information
  47. 55. Drug Resistance
    1. Interventions
    2. Risk Factors
  48. 56. Community Health and Nutrition Programs
    1. Community- and Facility-Based Programs
    2. Community-Based Programs—What Are They?
    3. Contextual Factors
    4. Future Applications
    5. Programmatic Factors
    6. Research Needs
    7. Results
  49. 57. Contraception
    1. Equity: Distributing the Benefits of Subsidies
    2. Intervention Cost and Cost-Effectiveness
    3. Interventions
    4. Nature, Causes, and Burden of the Conditions That Can Be Addressed
  50. 58. School–Based Health and Nutrition Programs
    1. Economic Benefits of Intervention
    2. Implementation of Programs and Lessons from Experience
    3. Interventions
  51. 60. Occupational Health
    1. Economic Aspects of Intervention
    2. Implementation
    3. Interventions
    4. Nature and Causes of Occupational Health Conditions in the Developing World
    5. Research Agenda
  52. 61. Natural Disaster Mitigation and Relief
    1. Disasters as a Public Health Condition
    2. Interventions: From Response to Prevention
  53. 62. Control and Eradication
    1. Disease-Specific Case Studies
  54. 63. Integrated Management of the Sick Child
    1. Implementation of Programs: Lessons of Experience
    2. Intervention Cost and Cost-Effectiveness
  55. 65. The District Hospital
    1. Economics of District Hospitals: A Summary of Reported Experience
    2. Effecting Change with Cross-Cutting Interventions
  56. 66. Referral Hospitals
    1. Current Balance of Care in Practice
  57. 67. Surgery
    1. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
  58. 68. Emergency Medical Services
    1. Conclusions: Promises and Pitfalls
    2. Interventions for Emergency Care: Systems, Structures, and Organization
  59. 69. Complementary and Alternative Medicine
    1. Demography, Use, Toxicity, and Efficacy
    2. Economics of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Traditional Medicine
    3. Lessons Learned and Implementation
  60. 70. Improving the Quality of Care in Developing Countries
    1. Economic Benefits and Costs of Quality Care
    2. Policy Interventions to Improve Quality
    3. Quality of Care in Developing Countries
  61. 71. Health Workers: Building and Motivating the Workforce
    1. Health Worker Incentives
  62. 72. Ensuring Supplies of Appropriate Drugs and Vaccines
    1. Issues for the Future
  63. 73. Strategic Management of Clinical Services
    1. The Specifics: What Works?
Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors
  1. 1. Measuring the Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, 1990—2001
    1. Improving the Comparative Quantification of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors: The 2001 GBD Study
  2. 2. Demographic and Epidemiological Characteristics of Major Regions, 1990—2001
    1. Changes in Mortality, 1990–2001
    2. Discussion
  3. 3. The Burden of Disease and Mortality by Condition: Data, Methods, and Results for 2001
    1. Acknowledgments
    2. Discussion and Conclusions
    3. Estimating Deaths by Cause: Methods and Data
    4. Estimating Incidence, Prevalence, and YLD: Methods and Data
    5. Global and Regional Mortality in 2001
    6. Global Burden of Disease in 2001
  4. 4. Comparative Quantification of Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Risk Factors
    1. Burden of Disease Attributable to Multiple Risk Factors
    2. Discussion
    3. Joint Effects of Multiple Risk Factors
Priorities in Health
  1. 1. Accomplishments, Challenges, and Priorities
    1. An Agenda for Action
    2. Equity
    3. Historical Achievements in World Health
  2. 2. Success in Addressing Priorities
  3. 4. Cost–Effective Strategies for the Excess Burden of Disease in Developing Countries
    1. Infectious and Communicable Diseases
    2. Maternal and Neonatal Health
  4. 5. Cost–Effective Strategies for Noncommunicable Diseases, Risk Factors, and Behaviors
    1. Alcohol Abuse
    2. Cancer
    3. Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
    4. Congenital and Developmental Disorders
    5. Tobacco Use
    6. Unintentional Injuries
  5. 6. Providing Interventions
    1. Cross-Level Services and Inputs
    2. Integration of Services Across the Life Cycle
    3. Levels of Care
  6. 7. Pillars of the Health System
    1. Human Resources
    2. Information, Surveillance, and Research
    3. Management of Health Services

Chapter Presentations

Chapter 01. Investing in Health
  1. Changes in Life Expectancy, 1960-2002, By World Bank Region
  2. Rate of Change in Life Expectancy, 1960-2002, By World Bank Region
Chapter 04. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
  1. Disease Burden Distribution, by Select World Bank Region, 2001
  2. Leading Causes of Disease Burden, by Select World Bank Region, 2001
Chapter 20. Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
  1. Cost per Deaths and Disability Adjusted Life Years Averted by Vaccination, 2001
  2. Deaths Averted by Vaccination for Hib and Hepatitis B, 2001
  3. Deaths Averted by Vaccination for Measles and Yellow Fever, 2001
  4. Annual Cost per Fully Immunized Child for the Traditional Childhood Vaccines, By Region, 2001
  5. Deaths Averted by Vaccination for Diphtheria and Whooping Cough, 2001
  6. Deaths Averted by Vaccination for Tetanus and Polio, 2001
Chapter 10. Gender Differentials in Health
  1. Gender Ratio of Conditions that Affect Women Disproportionately, 2001
  2. Percentage of DALYs Resulting from Selected Conditions Specific to Women, 2001
  3. Burden of Disease, By Gender and Region, 2001
Chapter 28. Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders
  1. Vitamin A Deficiency Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  2. Zinc Deficiency Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  3. Iron Deficiency Anemia Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  4. Percent of Underweight Children Under Age Five, By Region
  5. Childhood Deaths and DALYs Attributable to Being Underweight, By Region
  6. Iodine Deficiency Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
Chapter 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
  1. Estimates of Maternal Mortality, By Region, 2000
Chapter 31. Mental Disorders
  1. DALYs Averted by a Mental Health Care Package, By Region
  2. Disease Burden of Selected Major Psychiatric Disorders, By Region, 2001
  3. Costs of a Mental Health Care Package, By Region
  4. Cost-effectiveness of a Mental Health Care Package, By Region
Chapter 33. Cardiovascular Disease
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Medical Therapy for Coronary Heart Disease, By Region
  2. Cardiovascular Events and Deaths Preventable By Medical Therapy
  3. Cost-effectiveness of Medical Therapy for Heart Attacks, By Region
Chapter 47. Alcohol
  1. Prevalence of High-Risk Drinking, By Gender, Age, and Region, 2000
  2. DALYs Lost Due to High-Risk Drinking, By Disease Category and Region, 2001
  3. Estimated Impact of Interventions to Reduce High-Risk Drinking in East Asia and the Pacific and South Asia
  4. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Interventions to Reduce High-Risk Drinking in East Asia and the Pacific and South Asia
Chapter 68. Emergency Medical Services
  1. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Combined Use of Trained Lay First Responders and Paramedics
  2. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Staffed Community Ambulances in Urban Areas
  3. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Staffed Community Ambulances in Rural Areas
Chapter 44. Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes
  1. Incremental Cost-effectiveness of Reducing Salt Content by Legislation and Public Education
  2. Incremental Cost-effectiveness of Reducing Saturated Fat Content
  3. Incremental Cost-effectiveness of Reducing Trans Fat
Chapter 30. Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions
  1. Estimated Direct Medical Costs of Diabetes, By Region, 2003
  2. Estimated Diabetes Deaths and DALYs Lost Among People Ages 20 to 79, By Region, 2001
  3. Estimated Number of People Ages 20 to 79 with Diabetes, By Region, 2003 and 2025
Chapter 39. Unintentional Injuries
  1. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Interventions Enforcing Traffic Regulations
  2. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Installing Speed Bumps at Lethal Intersections
Chapter 46. Tobacco Addiction
  1. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Selected Tobacco Interventions, By Region
  2. Global Tobacco Deaths and DALYs Lost, By Gender and Region, 2000
  3. Estimated Prevalence of Smoking Among People Ages 15 and Older, By Gender, 2000
  4. Regional Distribution of Smokers Ages 15 and Older, 2000
Chapter 45. The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease in Southeast Asia*
  2. Estimates of Cost-effectiveness of a Polypill for Cardiovascular Disease, By Region
Chapter 67. Surgery
  1. Estimated Annual Costs Attributable to Surgical Patients in a Community Clinic and District Hospital
Chapter 57. Contraception
  1. Average Cost of Family Planning Services per Infant and Maternal Death Averted
  2. Total Potential Demand for Family Planning in Selected Countries
  3. Average Cost of Family Planning Services per Birth Averted and per DALY Averted
  4. Maternal Burden of Disease Associated with Unwanted Pregnancy and Unsafe Abortion

Resources

Related Analysis
  1. Alcohol, Addiction, and Public Health (PDF | 593.7k)
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  30. Undernutrition as an underlying cause of malaria morbidity and mortality (PDF | 340.7k)
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