South Asia

About 1.4 billion people live in South Asia, the world’s second most populous region. The proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day has decreased greatly since 1990. Primary school enrollment is up; mortality rates for children under age five are down.

Despite this progress, more people live in extreme poverty here than in any other region. South Asians continue to face high rates of undernourishment, rising rates of child malnutrition, and the second-lowest life expectancy at birth.

Publications

click to view chapters and sections

Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd Edition)
  1. 1. Investing in Health
    1. The 20th Century Takeoff in Human Health
    2. Child Health
    3. Health System Development and Finance
    4. Conclusions
  2. 2. Intervention Cost–Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages
    1. Assessing the Evidence on the Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    2. Annex 2.C: Summary of other Interventions
  3. 3. Strengthening Health Systems
    1. Health System Constraints on the Delivery of Public and Personal Health Services
    2. Assessment of Approaches to Strengthen Health System Capacity
    3. Solutions in Low-Capacity Environments
  4. 4. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
    1. Needs, Context, Opportunities, and Major Challenges
    2. Key Recommendations
  5. 5. Science and Technology for Disease Control: Past, Present, and Future
    1. Medicine before the 20th Century
    2. Science, Technology, and Medicine in the 20th Century
    3. Science, Technology, and Medicine in the Future
  6. 6. Product Development Priorities
    1. Introduction
    2. Financing and Institutional Arrangements for New Product Development
    3. Intellectual Property
  7. 7. Economic Approaches to Valuing Global Health Research
    1. The Value of Health Research
  8. 8. Improving the Health of Populations: Lessons of Experience
    1. Cases
    2. General Findings
    3. Intervention Type, Programmatic Characteristics, and Policies
  9. 9. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
    1. The Millennium Development Goals for Health: Progress and Prospects
    2. Scaling Up: Defining Interventions and Removing Constraints
    3. What Do Countries Need To Do?
  10. 10. Gender Differentials in Health
    1. Antecedents
    2. Gender Differentials in Disease Burdens
    3. Priority Disease Groups for Women
    4. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
  11. 11. Fiscal Policies for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
    1. Subsidies for Health and Health-Related Products
  12. 13. Recent Trends and Innovations in Development Assistance for Health
    1. Trends and Gaps in Development Assistance for Health
    2. Making Development Assistance for Health More Effective: Lessons Learned
    3. Recent Innovations to Improve the Effectiveness of Development Assistance for Health
  13. 14. Ethical Issues in Resource Allocation, Research, and New Product Development
    1. Ethics in Research and New Product Development
  14. 15. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis for Priority Setting
    1. Estimating Effectiveness in Health
    2. Determining Costs for Interventions
    3. Cost-Effectiveness and Population Impact
  15. 16. Tuberculosis
    1. Epidemiological Burden and Trends
    2. Alternative and Complementary Approaches to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Active Disease
    3. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions against Tuberculosis
    4. Summary of Cost-Effectiveness Analyses
    5. Conclusions
  16. 17. Sexually Transmitted Infections
    1. Bacterial and Viral STIs and Their Sequelae
    2. Intervention Costs and Cost-Effectiveness
  17. 18. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment
    1. Action under Uncertainty
    2. Prevention in Theory and Practice: Using Epidemic Profiles and Contextual Factors to Inform Prevention Guidelines
    3. Care and Treatment
  18. 19. Diarrheal Diseases
    1. Syndromic Diagnosis
    2. Public Health Significance of Diarrheal Illnesses
    3. Preventive Strategies
    4. Case Management
  19. 20. Vaccine–Preventable Diseases
    1. Estimates of the Current Burden of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases and of the Burden Averted by Vaccination
    2. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Existing Vaccination Programs
    3. Cost-Effectiveness of Increasing Immunization Coverage for the Traditional EPI
    4. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Adding New Antigens to the Current Immunization Schedule
    5. Conclusions
  20. 21. Conquering Malaria
    1. Causes, Epidemiology, Manifestations, and Diagnosis
    2. Interventions and Their Effectiveness
  21. 22. Tropical Diseases Targeted for Elimination: Chagas Disease, Lymphatic Filariasis, Onchocerciasis, and Leprosy
    1. Disease Burden
    2. Interventions and Their Effectiveness
    3. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    4. Conclusion
  22. 23. Tropical Diseases Lacking Adequate Control Measures: Dengue, Leishmaniasis, and African Trypanosomiasis
    1. Disease Characteristics and Transmission
    2. Disease Burden
    3. Management and Control Strategies
    4. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    5. Problems and Challenges for Disease Control
  23. 24. Helminth Infections: Soil–Transmitted Helminth Infections and Schistosomiasis
    1. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Interventions
  24. 25. Acute Respiratory Infections in Children
    1. Interventions
    2. Implementation of ARI Control Strategies: Lessons of Experience
  25. 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
    1. Epidemiology of Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
    2. Interventions
    3. Cost-Effectiveness of Selected Intervention Packages
    4. Lessons for Implementation
    5. Conclusions
    6. Annex 26.A: CEA Model Assumptions
  26. 27. Newborn Survival
    1. Neonatal Deaths
    2. Interventions
    3. Marginal Impact and Cost of Scaling Up Universal Neonatal Packages
    4. Implementation
    5. Conclusions
  27. 28. Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders
    1. Nature, Causes, and Burden of Undernutrition
    2. Interventions
    3. Intervention Costs and Cost-Effectiveness
  28. 29. Health Service Interventions for Cancer Control in Developing Countries
    1. Burden of Cancer in Developing Countries
    2. Cost-Effectiveness of Cancer Control Interventions
    3. Conclusions
  29. 30. Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions
    1. Nature and Distribution of Diabetes
    2. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions and Priorities
    3. Lessons and Experience
  30. 31. Mental Disorders
    1. Cost-Effectiveness Methods and Results
    2. Conclusion: Public Support for a Cost-Effective Intervention Package
  31. 32. Neurological Disorders
    1. AD and Other Dementias
    2. Epilepsy
    3. Parkinson's Disease
    4. Stroke
    5. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions in Developing Countries
    6. Recommendations
  32. 33. Cardiovascular Disease
    1. Burden of Disease
    2. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    3. Research and Development
    4. Conclusions: Pitfalls and Promises
  33. 34. Inherited Disorders of Hemoglobin
    1. Introduction
    2. Burden of Disease
    3. Control and Treatment
    4. Costs and Effectiveness of Diagnosis and Management
  34. 35. Respiratory Diseases of Adults
    1. Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Nature, Causes, and Burden
    2. General Approach to Lowering Risk of Adult Respiratory Disease
  35. 36. Diseases of the Kidney and the Urinary System
    1. Causes of Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary System
    2. Global Perspectives in Relation to RRT
    3. Economic Benefits of Intervention
    4. Implementation of Control Strategies: Lessons of Experience
  36. 37. Skin Diseases
    1. Skin Diseases
  37. 38. Oral and Craniofacial Diseases and Disorders
    1. Aspects of Treatment of Cavities and of Caries Disease
    2. Oral Manifestations of HIV/AIDS
    3. Cost-Effectiveness of Oral Health Care
  38. 39. Unintentional Injuries
    1. Burden and Causes of Unintentional Injuries
    2. Costs, Cost-Effectiveness, and Economic Benefits of Intervention
    3. Research and Development Agenda
  39. 40. Interpersonal Violence
    1. The Nature, Burden, and Causes of Interpersonal Violence
    2. Implementation of Prevention Strategies
  40. 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
    1. Water Supply
    2. Excreta Disposal
    3. Hygiene Promotion
  41. 42. Indoor Air Pollution
    1. Nature, Causes, and Burden of Condition
    2. Intervention Costs and Effectiveness
    3. Implementation of Control Strategies: Lessons from Experience
    4. Conclusions
  42. 43. Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control
    1. Nature, Causes, and Burden of Air and Water Pollution
    2. Interventions
    3. Intervention Costs and Cost-Effectiveness
    4. Economic Benefits of Interventions
    5. Implementation of Control Strategies: Lessons of Experience
    6. Research and Development Agenda
  43. 44. Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes
    1. Chronic Disease Prevention
    2. Interventions
    3. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
  44. 45. The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
    1. Burden of the Disease, Condition, or Risk Factor
    2. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
  45. 46. Tobacco Addiction
    1. Smoking Trends
    2. Health Consequences of Smoking
    3. Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Tobacco-Control Interventions
    4. Constraints to Effective Tobacco-Control Policies
  46. 48. Illicit Opiate Abuse
    1. Nature, Causes, and Health Consequences of Illicit Opioid Use
  47. 49. Learning and Developmental Disabilities
    1. Interventions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  48. 50. Loss of Vision and Hearing
  49. 51. Cost–Effectiveness of Interventions for Musculoskeletal Conditions
    1. Nature, Causes, and Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Conditions
    2. Treatments
  50. 52. Pain Control for People with Cancer and AIDS
    1. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness
    2. Implementation of Strategies to Improve Pain Control
  51. 53. Public Health Surveillance: A Tool for Targeting and Monitoring Intervention
    1. Surveillance as a Tool to Improve Public Health
    2. Surveillance for Specific Conditions
  52. 54. Information to Improve Decision Making for Health
    1. Systems and Supply of Health Information
  53. 55. Drug Resistance
    1. Risk Factors
    2. Interventions
    3. Implementation of Strategies: Two Lessons from Experience
    4. Agenda for Action
  54. 56. Community Health and Nutrition Programs
    1. What Is Known about Efficacy and Effectiveness
    2. Community-Based Programs—What Are They?
    3. Programmatic Factors
    4. Contextual Factors
    5. Results
    6. Future Applications
    7. Research Needs
  55. 57. Contraception
    1. Nature, Causes, and Burden of the Conditions That Can Be Addressed
    2. Interventions
    3. Organization of Family-Planning Programs
    4. Intervention Cost and Cost-Effectiveness
    5. Equity: Distributing the Benefits of Subsidies
    6. Research and Development Agenda
  56. 58. School–Based Health and Nutrition Programs
    1. Economic Benefits of Intervention
  57. 59. Adolescent Health Programs
    1. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
  58. 60. Occupational Health
    1. Economic Aspects of Intervention
  59. 61. Natural Disaster Mitigation and Relief
    1. Disasters as a Public Health Condition
  60. 62. Control and Eradication
    1. Disease-Specific Case Studies
  61. 63. Integrated Management of the Sick Child
    1. Nature, Causes, and Burden of Child Mortality
    2. Intervention Cost and Cost-Effectiveness
    3. Implementation of Programs: Lessons of Experience
  62. 64. General Primary Care
    1. Scaling Up
  63. 65. The District Hospital
    1. Economics of District Hospitals: A Summary of Reported Experience
  64. 66. Referral Hospitals
  65. 67. Surgery
    1. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
  66. 68. Emergency Medical Services
    1. Interventions for Emergency Care: Systems, Structures, and Organization
    2. Conclusions: Promises and Pitfalls
  67. 69. Complementary and Alternative Medicine
    1. Definitions and Domains of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Traditional Medicine
    2. Demography, Use, Toxicity, and Efficacy
  68. 70. Improving the Quality of Care in Developing Countries
    1. Quality of Care in Developing Countries
    2. Policy Interventions to Improve Quality
  69. 71. Health Workers: Building and Motivating the Workforce
    1. Health Care Staff
    2. Health Worker Incentives
  70. 72. Ensuring Supplies of Appropriate Drugs and Vaccines
    1. Selection of Drugs
    2. Issues for the Future
Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors
  1. 1. Measuring the Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, 1990—2001
  2. 2. Demographic and Epidemiological Characteristics of Major Regions, 1990—2001
    1. Changes in Mortality, 1990–2001
    2. Discussion
  3. 3. The Burden of Disease and Mortality by Condition: Data, Methods, and Results for 2001
    1. Estimating Deaths by Cause: Methods and Data
    2. Global and Regional Mortality in 2001
    3. Global Burden of Disease in 2001
    4. Discussion and Conclusions
    5. Acknowledgments
Priorities in Health
  1. 1. Accomplishments, Challenges, and Priorities
    1. Historical Achievements in World Health
    2. Accounting for Health Gains
    3. Equity
    4. An Agenda for Action
  2. 2. Success in Addressing Priorities
    1. Successes Despite Weak Health Systems
    2. Cost-Effective Interventions Aimed at Building Health Systems
  3. 3. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis
    1. What Is Cost-Effectiveness Analysis?
    2. How Can Policy Makers Use Cost-Effectiveness Analysis?
  4. 4. Cost–Effective Strategies for the Excess Burden of Disease in Developing Countries
    1. Infectious and Communicable Diseases
    2. Maternal and Neonatal Health
  5. 5. Cost–Effective Strategies for Noncommunicable Diseases, Risk Factors, and Behaviors
    1. Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
    2. Cancer
    3. Congenital and Developmental Disorders
    4. Unintentional Injuries
    5. Tobacco Use
    6. Alcohol Abuse
    7. Mental Health
  6. 6. Providing Interventions
    1. Levels of Care
    2. Cross-Level Services and Inputs
    3. Integration of Services Across the Life Cycle
  7. 7. Pillars of the Health System
    1. Management of Health Services
    2. Human Resources
    3. Financing

Presentations

Chapter 01. Investing in Health
  1. Changes in Life Expectancy, 1960-2002, By World Bank Region
  2. Rate of Change in Life Expectancy, 1960-2002, By World Bank Region
Chapter 02. Intervention Cost-Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages
  1. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in South Asia: Surgical Services and Emergency Care, and Tobacco Use and Addiction
  2. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in South Asia: HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis
  3. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in South Asia: Cardiovascular Disease
  4. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in South Asia: Childhood Immunization, Lower Acute Respiratory Illness, and Maternal and Neonatal Care
Chapter 04. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
  1. Leading Causes of Disease Burden, by Select World Bank Region, 2001
  2. Disease Burden Distribution, by Select World Bank Region, 2001
Chapter 20. Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
  1. Cost per Deaths and Disability Adjusted Life Years Averted by Vaccination, 2001
  2. Deaths Averted by Vaccination for Hib and Hepatitis B, 2001
  3. Deaths Averted by Vaccination for Measles and Yellow Fever, 2001
  4. Annual Cost per Fully Immunized Child for the Traditional Childhood Vaccines, By Region, 2001
  5. Deaths Averted by Vaccination for Diphtheria and Whooping Cough, 2001
  6. Deaths Averted by Vaccination for Tetanus and Polio, 2001
Chapter 10. Gender Differentials in Health
  1. Gender Ratio of Conditions that Affect Women Disproportionately, 2001
  2. Percentage of DALYs Resulting from Selected Conditions Specific to Women, 2001
  3. Burden of Disease, By Gender and Region, 2001
  4. Gender Ratio of Conditions that Affect Women Disproportionately, 2001
Chapter 28. Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders
  1. Vitamin A Deficiency Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  2. Zinc Deficiency Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  3. Iron Deficiency Anemia Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  4. Percent of Underweight Children Under Age Five, By Region
  5. Childhood Deaths and DALYs Attributable to Being Underweight, By Region
  6. Iodine Deficiency Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
Chapter 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
  1. Estimates of Maternal Mortality, By Region, 2000
  2. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
  3. DALYs for Maternal and Early Neonatal* Conditions, Selected Regions, 2001
  4. Deaths in the First Week of Life, Selected Regions, 2001
Chapter 31. Mental Disorders
  1. DALYs Averted by a Mental Health Care Package, By Region
  2. Disease Burden of Selected Major Psychiatric Disorders, By Region, 2001
  3. Costs of a Mental Health Care Package, By Region
  4. Cost-effectiveness of a Mental Health Care Package, By Region
Chapter 33. Cardiovascular Disease
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Medical Therapy for Coronary Heart Disease, By Region
  2. Cardiovascular Events and Deaths Preventable By Medical Therapy
  3. Cost-effectiveness of Medical Therapy for Heart Attacks, By Region
Chapter 27. Newborn Survival
  1. Universal Scale-up of Newborn Care
  2. Cost of Adding Newborn Care Packages to Maternal and Child Health Services
Chapter 47. Alcohol
  1. Prevalence of High-Risk Drinking, By Gender, Age, and Region, 2000
  2. DALYs Lost Due to High-Risk Drinking, By Disease Category and Region, 2001
  3. Estimated Impact of Interventions to Reduce High-Risk Drinking in East Asia and the Pacific and South Asia
  4. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Interventions to Reduce High-Risk Drinking in East Asia and the Pacific and South Asia
Chapter 68. Emergency Medical Services
  1. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Combined Use of Trained Lay First Responders and Paramedics
  2. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Staffed Community Ambulances in Urban Areas
  3. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Staffed Community Ambulances in Rural Areas
Chapter 44. Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes
  1. Incremental Cost-effectiveness of Reducing Salt Content by Legislation and Public Education
  2. Incremental Cost-effectiveness of Reducing Saturated Fat Content
  3. Incremental Cost-effectiveness of Reducing Trans Fat
Chapter 30. Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions
  1. Estimated Direct Medical Costs of Diabetes, By Region, 2003
  2. Estimated Diabetes Deaths and DALYs Lost Among People Ages 20 to 79, By Region, 2001
  3. Estimated Number of People Ages 20 to 79 with Diabetes, By Region, 2003 and 2025
Chapter 39. Unintentional Injuries
  1. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Interventions Enforcing Traffic Regulations
  2. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Installing Speed Bumps at Lethal Intersections
Chapter 46. Tobacco Addiction
  1. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Selected Tobacco Interventions, By Region
  2. Global Tobacco Deaths and DALYs Lost, By Gender and Region, 2000
  3. Estimated Prevalence of Smoking Among People Ages 15 and Older, By Gender, 2000
  4. Regional Distribution of Smokers Ages 15 and Older, 2000
Chapter 65. The District Hospital
  1. Cost-effectiveness of a Nongovernmental District Hospital in Rural Bangladesh
Chapter 67. Surgery
  1. Estimated Annual Costs Attributable to Surgical Patients in a Community Clinic and District Hospital
Chapter 45. The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
  1. Estimates of Cost-effectiveness of a Polypill for Cardiovascular Disease, By Region
  2. Estimates of Cost-effectiveness of a Polypill for Cardiovascular Disease in India
Chapter 57. Contraception
  1. Average Cost of Family Planning Services per Infant and Maternal Death Averted
  2. Total Potential Demand for Family Planning in Selected Countries
  3. Average Cost of Family Planning Services per Birth Averted and per DALY Averted
  4. Maternal Burden of Disease Associated with Unwanted Pregnancy and Unsafe Abortion

Resources

Related Analysis
  1. Alcohol, Addiction, and Public Health (PDF | 593.7k)
  2. An International Review of the Economic Costs of Mental Illness (PDF | 136.3k)
  3. At Least One-Third of Poor Countries - Disease Burden Is Due To Malnutrition (PDF | 4.3MB)
  4. Background Paper on the Neurobiology of Nicotine Addiction (PDF | 199.9k)
  5. Comparing Quality in Disparate Settings Using Vignettes to Control for Case-Mix Variation (PDF | 428.1k)
  6. Deaths and Disease Burden by Cause: Global Burden of Disease Estimates for 2001 by World Bank Country Groups (PDF | 1.7MB)
  7. Eradicating smallpox
  8. Feasibility of Scaling-up Interventions: The Role of Intervention Design (PDF | 744.1k)
  9. Health's Contribution to Economic Growth in an Environment of Partially Endogenous Technical Progress (PDF | 370.0k)
  10. Health-seeking behaviour and the health system response (PDF | 524.2k)
  11. Investing in Global Health "Best Buys" and Priorities for Action in Developing Countries (PPT | 463.5k)
  12. Mental Health and Labor Markets Productivity Loss and Restoration (PDF | 664.5k)
  13. Modeling the Cost Effectiveness of Injury Interventions in Lower and Middle Income Countries: Opportunities and Challenges (PDF | 501.7k)
  14. New Perspectives on the Causes and Potential Costs of Malaria: The Growth and Development of Children. What Should We be Measuring and How Should We be Measuring It? (PDF | 1.8MB)
  15. Preventing diarrheal deaths in Egypt
  16. Progress in the Development of a Recombinant Vaccine for Human Hookworm Disease: The Human Hookworm Vaccine Initiative (PDF | 403.6k)
  17. Public Management and the Essential Public Health Functions (PDF | 312.3k)
  18. Reducing fertility in Bangladesh
  19. Saving mothers' lives in Sri Lanka
  20. Science and Technology for Disease Control: Past, Present, and Future (PDF | 280.5k)
  21. Soil Transmitted Helminth Infections: The Nature, Causes and Burden of the Condition (PDF | 3.6MB)
  22. Soil-Transmitted Helminthic Infections: Updating the Global Picture (PDF | 678.6k)
  23. Suicide and Suicide Prevention in Developing Countries (PDF | 241.6k)
  24. The Cost-Effectiveness of Primary Care Services in Developing Countries: A Review of the International Literature (PDF | 382.2k)
  25. The economic burden of illness for households: A review of cost of illness and coping strategy studies focusing on malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS (PDF | 771.9k)
  26. The Implications of Technology Change for Health Care Delivery in Sri Lanka (PDF | 188.0k)
  27. The Public Health Burden of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Africa: Deriving the Numbers (PDF | 5.9MB)
  28. Undernutrition as an underlying cause of malaria morbidity and mortality (PDF | 340.7k)
  29. Unit Costs of Health Care Inputs in Low and Middle Income Regions (PDF | 1.2MB)
  30. Vaccine Preventable Diseases Still Take Toll in the Developing World
  31. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion (PDF | 506.3k)
  32. Why Has Infant Mortality Decreased at Such Different Rates in Different Countries? (PDF | 413.5k)