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Diseases and Conditions

Approximately 17.6 million people in low- and middle-income countries die each year from communicable diseases and maternal and neonatal conditions. The occurrence of such diseases and conditions and their death rates are far lower in all high-income countries.

Many of the diseases that account for the largest differences in health status are also diseases for which cost-effective strategies are known, available, and feasible. If low- and middle-income countries achieved the same rates of death from these diseases and conditions as high-income countries, the number of deaths would fall from 17.6 million to 3.0 million per year.

Moreover, noncommunicable diseases-including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and some cancers-are now dominant sources of morbidity and mortality around the globe. Developing countries are experiencing increasing rates of noncommunicable diseases and conditions that urgently require the development and implementation of effective interventions.

Sub-topics

Find more specific references for the following sub-topic(s):
  1. Blood-Related Diseases
  2. Cancer
  3. Cardiovascular Diseases
  4. Developmental Disabilities
  5. Diabetes
  6. Diarrheal Diseases
  7. Helminthic Infections
  8. HIV/AIDS
  9. Infectious Diseases
  10. Injuries and Violence
  11. Malaria
  12. Mental Disorders
  13. Neurological Disorders
  14. Noncommunicable Diseases
  15. Respiratory Diseases
  16. Sexually Transmitted Infections
  17. TB
  18. Tropical Diseases
  19. Vaccine-Preventable Diseases

Publications

click to view chapters and sections

Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd Edition)
  1. 1. Investing in Health
  2. 2. Intervention Cost–Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages
  3. 3. Strengthening Health Systems
  4. 4. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
  5. 5. Science and Technology for Disease Control: Past, Present, and Future
  6. 6. Product Development Priorities
  7. 7. Economic Approaches to Valuing Global Health Research
  8. 8. Improving the Health of Populations: Lessons of Experience
  9. 9. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
  10. 10. Gender Differentials in Health
  11. 11. Fiscal Policies for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
  12. 12. Financing Health Systems in the 21st Century
  13. 13. Recent Trends and Innovations in Development Assistance for Health
  14. 14. Ethical Issues in Resource Allocation, Research, and New Product Development
  15. 15. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis for Priority Setting
  16. 16. Tuberculosis
  17. 17. Sexually Transmitted Infections
  18. 18. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment
  19. 19. Diarrheal Diseases
  20. 20. Vaccine–Preventable Diseases
  21. 21. Conquering Malaria
  22. 22. Tropical Diseases Targeted for Elimination: Chagas Disease, Lymphatic Filariasis, Onchocerciasis, and Leprosy
  23. 23. Tropical Diseases Lacking Adequate Control Measures: Dengue, Leishmaniasis, and African Trypanosomiasis
  24. 24. Helminth Infections: Soil–Transmitted Helminth Infections and Schistosomiasis
  25. 25. Acute Respiratory Infections in Children
  26. 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
  27. 27. Newborn Survival
  28. 28. Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders
  29. 29. Health Service Interventions for Cancer Control in Developing Countries
  30. 30. Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions
  31. 31. Mental Disorders
  32. 32. Neurological Disorders
  33. 33. Cardiovascular Disease
  34. 34. Inherited Disorders of Hemoglobin
  35. 35. Respiratory Diseases of Adults
  36. 36. Diseases of the Kidney and the Urinary System
  37. 37. Skin Diseases
  38. 38. Oral and Craniofacial Diseases and Disorders
  39. 39. Unintentional Injuries
  40. 40. Interpersonal Violence
  41. 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
  42. 42. Indoor Air Pollution
  43. 43. Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control
  44. 44. Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes
  45. 45. The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
  46. 46. Tobacco Addiction
  47. 47. Alcohol
  48. 48. Illicit Opiate Abuse
  49. 49. Learning and Developmental Disabilities
  50. 50. Loss of Vision and Hearing
  51. 51. Cost–Effectiveness of Interventions for Musculoskeletal Conditions
  52. 52. Pain Control for People with Cancer and AIDS
  53. 53. Public Health Surveillance: A Tool for Targeting and Monitoring Intervention
  54. 54. Information to Improve Decision Making for Health
  55. 55. Drug Resistance
  56. 56. Community Health and Nutrition Programs
  57. 57. Contraception
  58. 58. School–Based Health and Nutrition Programs
  59. 59. Adolescent Health Programs
  60. 60. Occupational Health
  61. 61. Natural Disaster Mitigation and Relief
  62. 62. Control and Eradication
  63. 63. Integrated Management of the Sick Child
  64. 64. General Primary Care
  65. 67. Surgery
  66. 68. Emergency Medical Services
  67. 69. Complementary and Alternative Medicine
  68. 71. Health Workers: Building and Motivating the Workforce
  69. 72. Ensuring Supplies of Appropriate Drugs and Vaccines
Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors
  1. 1. Measuring the Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, 1990—2001
  2. 2. Demographic and Epidemiological Characteristics of Major Regions, 1990—2001
  3. 3. The Burden of Disease and Mortality by Condition: Data, Methods, and Results for 2001
  4. 4. Comparative Quantification of Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Risk Factors
  5. 5. Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses for Burden of Disease and Risk Factor Estimates
  6. 6. Incorporating Deaths Near the Time of Birth into Estimates of the Global Burden of Disease
Priorities in Health
  1. 1. Accomplishments, Challenges, and Priorities
  2. 2. Success in Addressing Priorities
  3. 3. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis
  4. 4. Cost–Effective Strategies for the Excess Burden of Disease in Developing Countries
  5. 5. Cost–Effective Strategies for Noncommunicable Diseases, Risk Factors, and Behaviors
  6. 6. Providing Interventions
  7. 7. Pillars of the Health System
  8. 8. The Way Forward: A Blueprint for Action

Chapter Presentations

Chapter 01. Investing in Health
  1. The Burden of Disease, 2001
  2. Under-Five Deaths from AIDS, Malaria, and Other Causes, Sub-Saharan Africa
  3. Preventing and Treating HIV/AIDS: How much health will a million dollars buy?
  4. Preventing and Treating Noncommunicable Diseases: How much health will a million dollars buy?
  5. Cervical Cancer and Surgically Treatable Conditions: How much health will a million dollars buy?
  6. Causes of Death, 2001
Chapter 02. Intervention Cost-Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Epidemic Tuberculosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  2. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Endemic Tuberculosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  3. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa
  4. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Diarrheal Disease in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  5. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in Sub-Saharan Africa: Cardiovascular Disease
  6. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in Sub-Saharan Africa: HIV/AIDS and Maternal and Neonatal Care
  7. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in Sub-Saharan Africa: Traffic Accidents, Surgical Services, and Emergency Care
  8. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in Sub-Saharan Africa: Childhood Immunization, Malaria, and Childhood Illnesses
  9. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in South Asia: HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis
  10. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in South Asia: Cardiovascular Disease
  11. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in South Asia: Childhood Immunization, Lower Acute Respiratory Illness, and Maternal and Neonatal Care
  12. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Neurological Disorders in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  13. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Mental Disorders in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  14. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  15. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for HIV/AIDS Treatment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  16. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for HIV/AIDS Prevention in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Chapter 04. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
  1. Leading Causes of Disease Burden, by Select World Bank Region, 2001
  2. Disease Burden Distribution, by Select World Bank Region, 2001
  3. Disease Burden Distribution, by Select World Bank Region, 2001
  4. Leading Causes of Disease Burden, by Select World Bank Region, 2001
Chapter 06. Product Development Priorities
  1. Product Development for HIV/AIDS and TB, Public-Private Partnerships, 2004
  2. Product Development for Tropical Diseases, Public-Private Partnerships, 2004
Chapter 17. Sexually Transmitted Infections
  1. DALYs Averted by Preventing or Curing a Sexually Transmitted Infection
Chapter 20. Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
  1. Cost per Deaths and Disability Adjusted Life Years Averted by Vaccination, 2001
  2. Deaths Averted by Vaccination for Hib and Hepatitis B, 2001
  3. Deaths Averted by Vaccination for Measles and Yellow Fever, 2001
  4. Annual Cost per Fully Immunized Child for the Traditional Childhood Vaccines, By Region, 2001
  5. Annual Cost per Fully Immunized Child for the Traditional Childhood Vaccines, By Immunization Strategy, 2001
  6. Disability Adjusted Life Years Lost from Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 2001
  7. Deaths Averted by Vaccination for Diphtheria and Whooping Cough, 2001
  8. Deaths Averted by Vaccination for Tetanus and Polio, 2001
Chapter 18. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Voluntary Counseling and Testing for HIV/AIDS
  2. Cost-effectiveness of Blood Safety Practices for HIV Prevention
  3. Estimated Risk of HIV Transmission, By Type of Exposure
  4. Cost-effectiveness of Peer-based Programs for Preventing HIV/AIDS
  5. Cost-effectiveness of STI Treatment for Preventing HIV/AIDS
  6. Cost-effectiveness of Antiretroviral Therapy for Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV
  7. Cost-effectiveness of Harm Reduction for Injecting Drug Users for HIV Prevention
  8. HIV/AIDS Epidemic Profiles
Chapter 10. Gender Differentials in Health
  1. Percentage of DALYs Resulting from Selected Conditions Specific to Women, 2001
Chapter 39. Unintentional Injuries
  1. Interventions for Selected Unintentional Injuries in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  2. Deaths and DALYs Lost from Unintentional Injuries in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2001
  3. Risk Factors for Road Traffic Injuries
  4. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Interventions Enforcing Traffic Regulations
  5. Deaths from Unintentional Injuries in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2001
  6. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Installing Speed Bumps at Lethal Intersections
Chapter 09. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
  1. Effective Interventions to Achieve the HIV/AIDS MDG
  2. Effective Interventions to Achieve the Tuberculosis MDG
  3. Effective Interventions to Achieve the Malaria MDG
Chapter 21. Conquering Malaria
  1. Estimated Deaths Due to Malaria, By Region, 2000
  2. Disability Adjusted Life Years Lost Due to Malaria, By Region, 2000
  3. Population at Risk for Malaria and Number of Malaria Cases, By Region, 2002
  4. Estimated Deaths from Malaria in Children Under Age Five in Africa, 2000
  5. Cost-effectiveness of Selected Malaria Interventions
  6. Determinants of the Malaria Burden: Intrinsic and External Factors
Chapter 30. Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Preventing and Treating Diabetes in Developing Countries
  2. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Preventing and Treating Diabetes in Developing Countries
  3. Estimated Direct Medical Costs of Diabetes, By Region, 2003
  4. Estimated Diabetes Deaths and DALYs Lost Among People Ages 20 to 79, By Region, 2001
  5. Estimated Number of People Ages 20 to 79 with Diabetes, By Region, 2003 and 2025
Chapter 31. Mental Disorders
  1. DALYs Averted by a Mental Health Care Package, By Region
  2. Disease Burden of Selected Major Psychiatric Disorders, By Region, 2001
  3. Costs of a Mental Health Care Package, By Region
  4. Cost-effectiveness of a Mental Health Care Package, By Region
Chapter 47. Alcohol
  1. Prevalence of High-Risk Drinking, By Gender, Age, and Region, 2000
Chapter 45. The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease in Latin America and the Caribbean*
  2. Global Cardiovascular Disease Burden Due to High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Overweight
  3. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease in Africa*
  4. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease in Southeast Asia*
  5. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease in the Western Pacific*
  6. Estimates of Cost-effectiveness of a Polypill for Cardiovascular Disease, By Region
  7. Estimates of Cost-effectiveness of a Polypill for Cardiovascular Disease in India
Chapter 60. Occupational Health
  1. Impact of an Immunization Safety Program at Health Centers in Burkina Faso, 2000 and 2003
Chapter 29. Health Service Interventions for Cancer Control in Developing Countries
  1. Number of Deaths and DALYs Lost to Cancer, by Select World Bank Region, 2001 (in thousands)
  2. Economic Outcomes of Once-in-a-Lifetime Cervical Cancer Screening Programs in Brazil
  3. Economic Outcomes of Once-in-a-Lifetime Cervical Cancer Screening Programs in Madagascar
  4. Economic Outcomes of Once-in-a-Lifetime Cervical Cancer Screening Programs in Zimbabwe
  5. Number of Deaths and DALYs Lost to Cancer, by Select World Bank Region, 2001 (in thousands)
Chapter 22. Tropical Diseases Targeted for Elimination: Chagas Disease, Lymphatic Filariasis, Onchocerciasis, and Leprosy
  1. Control Strategies, Major Challenges, and Research Needs for Onchocerciasis
  2. Control Strategies, Major Challenges, and Research Needs for Leprosy
  3. Control Strategies, Major Challenges, and Research Needs for Lymphatic Filariasis
  4. Cost per DALY Averted for Main Interventions for Select Targeted Tropical Diseases (US$)
  5. Control Strategies, Major Challenges, and Research Needs for Chagas Disease
  6. DALYs Lost, by Disease and Select World Bank Region (thousands)
Chapter 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
  1. Classification of Water-Related Infections
  2. Reductions in Diarrhea Attributable to Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
  3. Cost-effectiveness of Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion

Conference and Workshop Presentations

  1. Jun 2007, Cost-effectiveness of interventions for reducing the burden of mental disorders and substance abuse (by World Bank region), Washington, DC, USA (PDF | 257.0k)
  2. Nov 2007, Defining and Defeating the Intolerable Burden of Malaria, Dakar, Senegal (PDF | 3.4MB)
  3. Jun 2007, HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care, Cuernavaca, Mexico (PDF | 476.9k)
  4. May 2007, New evidence for conquering malaria: Operations, Costs and Cost-Effectiveness, Washington, DC, USA (PDF | 220.5k)
  5. Nov 2007, Public Policy for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Washington, DC, USA (PDF | 662.7k)

News & Events

News
  1. Mar 16, 2007: Ministers Strive to Scale Up Cost-Effective Interventions
Events
  1. Mar 8, 2007: 2nd World Congress on Gender-Specific Medicine and Aging: The endocrine impact
  2. Aug 9, 2007: Symposium "25 Years of Experience Struggling against Dengue"
 

Resources

Related Analysis
  1. Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa, Second Edition (PDF | 5.1MB)
  2. Disease Control Priorities Related to Mental, Neurological, Developmental, and Substance Abuse Disorders (PDF | 1.8MB)
Fact Sheets
  1. Deworming Children Brings Huge Health and Development Gains in Low-Income Countries (PDF | 300.1k)
  2. Drug Resistance Fact Sheet (PDF | 290.3k)
  3. Une tragédie évitable : Les décès maternels et néonatals en Afrique de l'ouest (PDF | 11.1MB)
 

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