Contributing and Risk Factors

The burden of disease and injury in developing countries is exacerbated by a range of contributing and risk factors. These include poor water sanitation and hygiene; indoor and outdoor air pollution; diets high in saturated fats and salt; abuse of tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs; inadequate workplace safety and industrial hygiene; and the absence of vehicle and driving safety measures and programs.

The full demands that the resulting diseases and conditions will place on the health systems of developing countries has not yet been experienced. Low- and middle-income countries cannot afford to wait to address the risk factors for diseases. These consequences, which already account for a substantial share of the disease burden in most countries, are likely to increase further. Strong and functioning health care systems will greatly facilitate initiatives to promote prevention, care and treatment, and research.

Publications

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Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd Edition)
  1. 59. Adolescent Health Programs
  2. 43. Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control
  3. 47. Alcohol
  4. 33. Cardiovascular Disease
  5. 56. Community Health and Nutrition Programs
  6. 21. Conquering Malaria
  7. 57. Contraception
  8. 62. Control and Eradication
  9. 15. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis for Priority Setting
  10. 51. Cost–Effectiveness of Interventions for Musculoskeletal Conditions
  11. 30. Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions
  12. 19. Diarrheal Diseases
  13. 55. Drug Resistance
  14. 7. Economic Approaches to Valuing Global Health Research
  15. 72. Ensuring Supplies of Appropriate Drugs and Vaccines
  16. 12. Financing Health Systems in the 21st Century
  17. 11. Fiscal Policies for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
  18. 10. Gender Differentials in Health
  19. 64. General Primary Care
  20. 29. Health Service Interventions for Cancer Control in Developing Countries
  21. 24. Helminth Infections: Soil–Transmitted Helminth Infections and Schistosomiasis
  22. 18. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment
  23. 48. Illicit Opiate Abuse
  24. 8. Improving the Health of Populations: Lessons of Experience
  25. 42. Indoor Air Pollution
  26. 63. Integrated Management of the Sick Child
  27. 40. Interpersonal Violence
  28. 2. Intervention Cost–Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages
  29. 1. Investing in Health
  30. 49. Learning and Developmental Disabilities
  31. 50. Loss of Vision and Hearing
  32. 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
  33. 31. Mental Disorders
  34. 9. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
  35. 61. Natural Disaster Mitigation and Relief
  36. 32. Neurological Disorders
  37. 27. Newborn Survival
  38. 60. Occupational Health
  39. 38. Oral and Craniofacial Diseases and Disorders
  40. 44. Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes
  41. 4. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
  42. 53. Public Health Surveillance: A Tool for Targeting and Monitoring Intervention
  43. 13. Recent Trends and Innovations in Development Assistance for Health
  44. 35. Respiratory Diseases of Adults
  45. 58. School–Based Health and Nutrition Programs
  46. 5. Science and Technology for Disease Control: Past, Present, and Future
  47. 17. Sexually Transmitted Infections
  48. 28. Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders
  49. 67. Surgery
  50. 65. The District Hospital
  51. 45. The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
  52. 46. Tobacco Addiction
  53. 23. Tropical Diseases Lacking Adequate Control Measures: Dengue, Leishmaniasis, and African Trypanosomiasis
  54. 22. Tropical Diseases Targeted for Elimination: Chagas Disease, Lymphatic Filariasis, Onchocerciasis, and Leprosy
  55. 16. Tuberculosis
  56. 39. Unintentional Injuries
  57. 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors
  1. 4. Comparative Quantification of Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Risk Factors
  2. 2. Demographic and Epidemiological Characteristics of Major Regions, 1990—2001
  3. 6. Incorporating Deaths Near the Time of Birth into Estimates of the Global Burden of Disease
  4. 1. Measuring the Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, 1990—2001
  5. 5. Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses for Burden of Disease and Risk Factor Estimates
  6. 3. The Burden of Disease and Mortality by Condition: Data, Methods, and Results for 2001
Priorities in Health
  1. 1. Accomplishments, Challenges, and Priorities
  2. 5. Cost–Effective Strategies for Noncommunicable Diseases, Risk Factors, and Behaviors
  3. 4. Cost–Effective Strategies for the Excess Burden of Disease in Developing Countries
  4. 3. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis
  5. 7. Pillars of the Health System
  6. 6. Providing Interventions
  7. 2. Success in Addressing Priorities
  8. 8. The Way Forward: A Blueprint for Action

Chapter Presentations

Chapter 45. The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
  1. Deaths Attributable to High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Overweight, 2000
  2. DALYs Attributable to High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Overweight, 2000
  3. Global Cardiovascular Disease Burden Due to High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Overweight
Chapter 56. Community Health and Nutrition Programs
  1. Estimated Contributions of Malnutrition to the Disease Burden in Developing Countries
  2. Conceptual Framework for Causes of Malnutrition
Chapter 28. Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders
  1. Vitamin A Deficiency Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  2. Zinc Deficiency Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  3. Iron Deficiency Anemia Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  4. Percent of Underweight Children Under Age Five, By Region
  5. Childhood Deaths and DALYs Attributable to Being Underweight, By Region
  6. Iodine Deficiency Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  7. Cost-effectiveness of Nutrition Interventions for Underweight Children
  8. Cost-effectiveness of Nutrition Interventions for Vitamin A Deficiency in Children
  9. Cost-effectiveness of Nutrition Interventions for Iron, Iodine, and Zinc Deficiency in Children
Chapter 60. Occupational Health
  1. Estimated Average Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions for Reducing Risk of Silicosis
  2. Estimated Contribution of Occupational Exposures to Selected Diseases and Conditions
  3. Impact of an Immunization Safety Program at Health Centers in Burkina Faso, 2000 and 2003
  4. Impact of an Occupational Safety and Health Toolkit Used in Central America, 2002 and 2003
Chapter 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
  1. Median Construction Cost of Sanitation Technologies in Select Regions
  2. Reductions in Diarrhea Attributable to Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
  3. Cost-effectiveness of Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion

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