Contributing and Risk Factors

The burden of disease and injury in developing countries is exacerbated by a range of contributing and risk factors. These include poor water sanitation and hygiene; indoor and outdoor air pollution; diets high in saturated fats and salt; abuse of tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs; inadequate workplace safety and industrial hygiene; and the absence of vehicle and driving safety measures and programs.

The full demands that the resulting diseases and conditions will place on the health systems of developing countries has not yet been experienced. Low- and middle-income countries cannot afford to wait to address the risk factors for diseases. These consequences, which already account for a substantial share of the disease burden in most countries, are likely to increase further. Strong and functioning health care systems will greatly facilitate initiatives to promote prevention, care and treatment, and research.

Publications

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Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd Edition)
  1. 1. Investing in Health
  2. 2. Intervention Cost–Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages
  3. 4. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
  4. 5. Science and Technology for Disease Control: Past, Present, and Future
  5. 7. Economic Approaches to Valuing Global Health Research
  6. 8. Improving the Health of Populations: Lessons of Experience
  7. 9. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
  8. 10. Gender Differentials in Health
  9. 11. Fiscal Policies for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
  10. 12. Financing Health Systems in the 21st Century
  11. 13. Recent Trends and Innovations in Development Assistance for Health
  12. 15. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis for Priority Setting
  13. 16. Tuberculosis
  14. 17. Sexually Transmitted Infections
  15. 18. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment
  16. 19. Diarrheal Diseases
  17. 21. Conquering Malaria
  18. 22. Tropical Diseases Targeted for Elimination: Chagas Disease, Lymphatic Filariasis, Onchocerciasis, and Leprosy
  19. 23. Tropical Diseases Lacking Adequate Control Measures: Dengue, Leishmaniasis, and African Trypanosomiasis
  20. 24. Helminth Infections: Soil–Transmitted Helminth Infections and Schistosomiasis
  21. 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
  22. 27. Newborn Survival
  23. 28. Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders
  24. 29. Health Service Interventions for Cancer Control in Developing Countries
  25. 30. Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions
  26. 31. Mental Disorders
  27. 32. Neurological Disorders
  28. 33. Cardiovascular Disease
  29. 35. Respiratory Diseases of Adults
  30. 38. Oral and Craniofacial Diseases and Disorders
  31. 39. Unintentional Injuries
  32. 40. Interpersonal Violence
  33. 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
  34. 42. Indoor Air Pollution
  35. 43. Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control
  36. 44. Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes
  37. 45. The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
  38. 46. Tobacco Addiction
  39. 47. Alcohol
  40. 48. Illicit Opiate Abuse
  41. 49. Learning and Developmental Disabilities
  42. 50. Loss of Vision and Hearing
  43. 51. Cost–Effectiveness of Interventions for Musculoskeletal Conditions
  44. 53. Public Health Surveillance: A Tool for Targeting and Monitoring Intervention
  45. 55. Drug Resistance
  46. 56. Community Health and Nutrition Programs
  47. 57. Contraception
  48. 58. School–Based Health and Nutrition Programs
  49. 59. Adolescent Health Programs
  50. 60. Occupational Health
  51. 61. Natural Disaster Mitigation and Relief
  52. 62. Control and Eradication
  53. 63. Integrated Management of the Sick Child
  54. 64. General Primary Care
  55. 65. The District Hospital
  56. 67. Surgery
  57. 72. Ensuring Supplies of Appropriate Drugs and Vaccines
Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors
  1. 1. Measuring the Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, 1990—2001
  2. 2. Demographic and Epidemiological Characteristics of Major Regions, 1990—2001
  3. 3. The Burden of Disease and Mortality by Condition: Data, Methods, and Results for 2001
  4. 4. Comparative Quantification of Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Risk Factors
  5. 5. Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses for Burden of Disease and Risk Factor Estimates
  6. 6. Incorporating Deaths Near the Time of Birth into Estimates of the Global Burden of Disease
Priorities in Health
  1. 1. Accomplishments, Challenges, and Priorities
  2. 2. Success in Addressing Priorities
  3. 3. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis
  4. 4. Cost–Effective Strategies for the Excess Burden of Disease in Developing Countries
  5. 5. Cost–Effective Strategies for Noncommunicable Diseases, Risk Factors, and Behaviors
  6. 6. Providing Interventions
  7. 7. Pillars of the Health System
  8. 8. The Way Forward: A Blueprint for Action

Presentations

Chapter 45. The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
  1. Deaths Attributable to High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Overweight, 2000
  2. DALYs Attributable to High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Overweight, 2000
  3. Global Cardiovascular Disease Burden Due to High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Overweight
Chapter 56. Community Health and Nutrition Programs
  1. Estimated Contributions of Malnutrition to the Disease Burden in Developing Countries
  2. Conceptual Framework for Causes of Malnutrition
Chapter 28. Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders
  1. Vitamin A Deficiency Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  2. Zinc Deficiency Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  3. Iron Deficiency Anemia Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  4. Percent of Underweight Children Under Age Five, By Region
  5. Childhood Deaths and DALYs Attributable to Being Underweight, By Region
  6. Iodine Deficiency Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  7. Cost-effectiveness of Nutrition Interventions for Underweight Children
  8. Cost-effectiveness of Nutrition Interventions for Vitamin A Deficiency in Children
  9. Cost-effectiveness of Nutrition Interventions for Iron, Iodine, and Zinc Deficiency in Children
Chapter 60. Occupational Health
  1. Estimated Average Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions for Reducing Risk of Silicosis
  2. Estimated Contribution of Occupational Exposures to Selected Diseases and Conditions
  3. Impact of an Immunization Safety Program at Health Centers in Burkina Faso, 2000 and 2003
  4. Impact of an Occupational Safety and Health Toolkit Used in Central America, 2002 and 2003
Chapter 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
  1. Median Construction Cost of Sanitation Technologies in Select Regions
  2. Reductions in Diarrhea Attributable to Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
  3. Cost-effectiveness of Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion

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