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Interventions and Strategies

Cost-effective health interventions need to reach people either by being provided at their homes, schools, and workplaces or by encouraging them to visit health facilities. Programs based in communities can reduce the costs and barriers that impede access to services; general primary care can act as an interface between community health programs and individual clinical care, whether ambulatory or inpatient. District and referral hospitals can provide more specialized or costly care to reinforce community and primary care services with interventions required when these levels cannot bring the specialized equipment or skills to bear. Increased access to surgery, pharmaceutical agents, emergency medical services, health and nutrition programs, and integrated management of childhood illness can all make substantial contributions to reducing the burden of disease.

Health interventions form a web of services that work best when they are coordinated. Screening provides no benefits without subsequent treatment, referrals are no help without access to the required care, and treatment centers will be overwhelmed if essential preventive care is neglected.

Sub-topics

Find more specific references for the following sub-topic(s):
  1. Alternative Medicine
  2. Community Health
  3. Disaster Relief
  4. Drugs/Vaccines
  5. Emergency Medical Services
  6. Family Planning
  7. Hospitals
  8. Legislation
  9. Nutrition
  10. Pain Control
  11. Prevention
  12. Primary Care
  13. Research and Development
  14. School-Based Health
  15. Surgery
  16. Technology

Publications

click to view chapters and sections

Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd Edition)
  1. 25. Acute Respiratory Infections in Children
  2. 59. Adolescent Health Programs
  3. 43. Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control
  4. 47. Alcohol
  5. 33. Cardiovascular Disease
  6. 56. Community Health and Nutrition Programs
  7. 69. Complementary and Alternative Medicine
  8. 21. Conquering Malaria
  9. 57. Contraception
  10. 62. Control and Eradication
  11. 15. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis for Priority Setting
  12. 51. Cost–Effectiveness of Interventions for Musculoskeletal Conditions
  13. 30. Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions
  14. 19. Diarrheal Diseases
  15. 36. Diseases of the Kidney and the Urinary System
  16. 55. Drug Resistance
  17. 7. Economic Approaches to Valuing Global Health Research
  18. 68. Emergency Medical Services
  19. 72. Ensuring Supplies of Appropriate Drugs and Vaccines
  20. 14. Ethical Issues in Resource Allocation, Research, and New Product Development
  21. 12. Financing Health Systems in the 21st Century
  22. 11. Fiscal Policies for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
  23. 10. Gender Differentials in Health
  24. 64. General Primary Care
  25. 29. Health Service Interventions for Cancer Control in Developing Countries
  26. 71. Health Workers: Building and Motivating the Workforce
  27. 24. Helminth Infections: Soil–Transmitted Helminth Infections and Schistosomiasis
  28. 18. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment
  29. 48. Illicit Opiate Abuse
  30. 8. Improving the Health of Populations: Lessons of Experience
  31. 70. Improving the Quality of Care in Developing Countries
  32. 42. Indoor Air Pollution
  33. 54. Information to Improve Decision Making for Health
  34. 34. Inherited Disorders of Hemoglobin
  35. 63. Integrated Management of the Sick Child
  36. 40. Interpersonal Violence
  37. 2. Intervention Cost–Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages
  38. 1. Investing in Health
  39. 49. Learning and Developmental Disabilities
  40. 50. Loss of Vision and Hearing
  41. 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
  42. 31. Mental Disorders
  43. 9. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
  44. 61. Natural Disaster Mitigation and Relief
  45. 32. Neurological Disorders
  46. 27. Newborn Survival
  47. 60. Occupational Health
  48. 38. Oral and Craniofacial Diseases and Disorders
  49. 52. Pain Control for People with Cancer and AIDS
  50. 44. Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes
  51. 4. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
  52. 6. Product Development Priorities
  53. 53. Public Health Surveillance: A Tool for Targeting and Monitoring Intervention
  54. 13. Recent Trends and Innovations in Development Assistance for Health
  55. 66. Referral Hospitals
  56. 35. Respiratory Diseases of Adults
  57. 58. School–Based Health and Nutrition Programs
  58. 5. Science and Technology for Disease Control: Past, Present, and Future
  59. 17. Sexually Transmitted Infections
  60. 37. Skin Diseases
  61. 73. Strategic Management of Clinical Services
  62. 3. Strengthening Health Systems
  63. 28. Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders
  64. 67. Surgery
  65. 65. The District Hospital
  66. 45. The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
  67. 46. Tobacco Addiction
  68. 23. Tropical Diseases Lacking Adequate Control Measures: Dengue, Leishmaniasis, and African Trypanosomiasis
  69. 22. Tropical Diseases Targeted for Elimination: Chagas Disease, Lymphatic Filariasis, Onchocerciasis, and Leprosy
  70. 16. Tuberculosis
  71. 39. Unintentional Injuries
  72. 20. Vaccine–Preventable Diseases
  73. 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors
  1. 4. Comparative Quantification of Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Risk Factors
  2. 6. Incorporating Deaths Near the Time of Birth into Estimates of the Global Burden of Disease
  3. 1. Measuring the Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, 1990—2001
  4. 3. The Burden of Disease and Mortality by Condition: Data, Methods, and Results for 2001
Priorities in Health
  1. 1. Accomplishments, Challenges, and Priorities
  2. 5. Cost–Effective Strategies for Noncommunicable Diseases, Risk Factors, and Behaviors
  3. 4. Cost–Effective Strategies for the Excess Burden of Disease in Developing Countries
  4. 3. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis
  5. 7. Pillars of the Health System
  6. 6. Providing Interventions
  7. 2. Success in Addressing Priorities
  8. 8. The Way Forward: A Blueprint for Action

Chapter Presentations

Chapter 02. Intervention Cost-Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Childhood Conditions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  2. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Epidemic Tuberculosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  3. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Endemic Tuberculosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  4. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa
  5. Efficiency of Interventions
  6. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Diarrheal Disease in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  7. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in Sub-Saharan Africa: Traffic Accidents, Surgical Services, and Emergency Care
  8. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in South Asia: Surgical Services and Emergency Care, and Tobacco Use and Addiction
  9. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Traffic Accidents in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  10. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Dengue and Hepatitis B in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  11. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Neurological Disorders in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  12. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Mental Disorders in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  13. Cost-effectiveness of Surgery and Emergency Medical Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  14. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  15. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Heart Attacks and Stroke in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  16. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Coronary Heart Disease in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  17. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Tobacco Addiction in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  18. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Alcohol Abuse in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  19. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for HIV/AIDS Treatment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  20. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for HIV/AIDS Prevention in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Chapter 01. Investing in Health
  1. The Burden of Disease, 2001
  2. Reducing Under-five Mortality: How much health will a million dollars buy?
  3. Preventing and Treating HIV/AIDS: How much health will a million dollars buy?
  4. Preventing and Treating Noncommunicable Diseases: How much health will a million dollars buy?
  5. Cervical Cancer and Surgically Treatable Conditions: How much health will a million dollars buy?
  6. Causes of Death, 2001
Chapter 04. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
  1. Select Health Research and Development Best Buys
  2. Disease Burden Distribution, by Select World Bank Region, 2001
  3. Disease Burden Distribution, by Select World Bank Region, 2001
Chapter 05. Science and Technology for Disease Control: Past, Present, and Future
  1. Estimated Funding for Global Health Research and Development, 1998
Chapter 06. Product Development Priorities
  1. Product Development for HIV/AIDS and TB, Public-Private Partnerships, 2004
  2. Product Development for Tropical Diseases, Public-Private Partnerships, 2004
  3. Number of Products in Development, Public-Private Partnerships Portfolios, 2004
Chapter 17. Sexually Transmitted Infections
  1. DALYs Averted by Preventing or Curing a Sexually Transmitted Infection
Chapter 09. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
  1. Effective Interventions to Achieve the Nutrition MDG
  2. Effective Interventions to Achieve the Maternal Mortality MDG
  3. Effective Interventions to Achieve the Child Mortality MDG
  4. Effective Interventions to Achieve the HIV/AIDS MDG
  5. Effective Interventions to Achieve the Tuberculosis MDG
  6. Effective Interventions to Achieve the Malaria MDG
Chapter 20. Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
  1. Cost per Deaths and Disability Adjusted Life Years Averted by Vaccination, 2001
  2. Annual Cost per Fully Immunized Child for the Traditional Childhood Vaccines, By Region, 2001
  3. Annual Cost per Fully Immunized Child for the Traditional Childhood Vaccines, By Immunization Strategy, 2001
Chapter 18. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Voluntary Counseling and Testing for HIV/AIDS
  2. Cost-effectiveness of Blood Safety Practices for HIV Prevention
  3. Cost-effectiveness of Peer-based Programs for Preventing HIV/AIDS
  4. Cost-effectiveness of STI Treatment for Preventing HIV/AIDS
  5. Cost-effectiveness of Antiretroviral Therapy for Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV
  6. Cost-effectiveness of Harm Reduction for Injecting Drug Users for HIV Prevention
Chapter 39. Unintentional Injuries
  1. Interventions for Selected Unintentional Injuries in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  2. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Installing Speed Bumps at Lethal Intersections
Chapter 56. Community Health and Nutrition Programs
  1. Estimated Contributions of Malnutrition to the Disease Burden in Developing Countries
  2. Conceptual Framework for Causes of Malnutrition
  3. General Structure of Community-Based Programs
Chapter 28. Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders
  1. Vitamin A Deficiency Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  2. Zinc Deficiency Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  3. Iron Deficiency Anemia Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  4. Percent of Underweight Children Under Age Five, By Region
  5. Childhood Deaths and DALYs Attributable to Being Underweight, By Region
  6. Iodine Deficiency Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  7. Cost-effectiveness of Nutrition Interventions for Underweight Children
  8. Cost-effectiveness of Nutrition Interventions for Vitamin A Deficiency in Children
  9. Cost-effectiveness of Nutrition Interventions for Iron, Iodine, and Zinc Deficiency in Children
Chapter 30. Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Preventing and Treating Diabetes in Developing Countries
  2. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Preventing and Treating Diabetes in Developing Countries
Chapter 10. Gender Differentials in Health
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Selected Interventions for Maternal Conditions
  2. Cost-effectiveness of Selected Interventions for Chlamydia Infection
  3. Cost-effectiveness of Selected Interventions for Cervical Cancer
Chapter 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
Chapter 31. Mental Disorders
  1. DALYs Averted by a Mental Health Care Package, By Region
  2. Costs of a Mental Health Care Package, By Region
Chapter 21. Conquering Malaria
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Selected Malaria Interventions
Chapter 27. Newborn Survival
  1. Universal Scale-up of Newborn Care
  2. Cost of Adding Newborn Care Packages to Maternal and Child Health Services
Chapter 33. Cardiovascular Disease
  1. Cardiovascular Events and Deaths Preventable By Medical Therapy
Chapter 68. Emergency Medical Services
  1. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Combined Use of Trained Lay First Responders and Paramedics
  2. Overview of Emergency Medical Services In Developing Countries
  3. Deaths from Conditions Potentially Requiring Emergency Medical Services, 2001
  4. Burden of Conditions Potentially Requiring Emergency Medical Services, 2001
  5. The Emergency Medical Care Pyramid
  6. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Staffed Community Ambulances in Urban Areas
  7. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Staffed Community Ambulances in Rural Areas
Chapter 44. Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes
  1. Incremental Cost-effectiveness of Reducing Salt Content by Legislation and Public Education
  2. Incremental Cost-effectiveness of Reducing Trans Fat
Chapter 67. Surgery
  1. Worldwide Estimated Annual Distribution of DALYs Related to Surgical Conditions
  2. Estimated Annual Costs Attributable to Surgical Patients in a Community Clinic and District Hospital
  3. Estimated DALYs for Selected Surgical Conditions, By Region
  4. Average Annual Estimated DALYs Related to Surgical Conditions, By Region
Chapter 47. Alcohol
  1. Estimated Impact of Interventions to Reduce High-Risk Drinking in Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Sub-Saharan Africa
  2. Estimated Impact of Interventions to Reduce High-Risk Drinking in East Asia and the Pacific and South Asia
  3. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Interventions to Reduce High-Risk Drinking in Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Sub-Saharan Africa
  4. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Interventions to Reduce High-Risk Drinking in East Asia and the Pacific and South Asia
Chapter 65. The District Hospital
  1. Cost-effectiveness of a Nongovernmental District Hospital in Rural Bangladesh
  2. Effectiveness of a Kenyan District Hospital in Preventing Childhood Deaths
  3. Theoretical Long-Term Average Cost Curve
Chapter 45. The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
  1. Estimates of Cost-effectiveness of a Polypill for Cardiovascular Disease, By Region
  2. Estimates of Cost-effectiveness of a Polypill for Cardiovascular Disease in India
Chapter 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
  1. Median Construction Cost of Water Supply Facilities for Select Regions
  2. Reductions in Diarrhea Attributable to Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
Chapter 57. Contraception
  1. Average Cost of Family Planning Services per Infant and Maternal Death Averted
  2. Total Potential Demand for Family Planning in Selected Countries
  3. Average Cost of Family Planning Services per Birth Averted and per DALY Averted
  4. Maternal Burden of Disease Associated with Unwanted Pregnancy and Unsafe Abortion

Conference and Workshop Presentations

  1. Oct 2007, Adolescent Health Behavior, Washington, DC, USA (PDF | 2.4MB)
  2. Apr 2006, Assessing The Global Burden of Risk Factors: History And Results For 2001 , Beijing, China (PDF | 211.0k)
  3. Jun 2007, Avoiding 100 M Premature Deaths In India: DCPP-India, Bethesda, MD, USA (PDF | 183.5k)
  4. Jun 2008, Conquering Malaria, Juba, Southern Sudan (PDF | 74.0k)
  5. Jul 2006, Control of Non-Communicable Diseases In Sub-Saharan Africa , Arusha, Tanzania (PDF | 385.5k)
  6. Dec 2007, Cost Effectiveness of Injury Control in Low Income Countries, Washington, DC, USA (PDF | 320.0k)
  7. Jun 2007, Cost-effectiveness of interventions for reducing the burden of mental disorders and substance abuse (by World Bank region), Washington, DC, USA (PDF | 257.0k)
  8. Jun 2008, Cross-sectoral School-Based Health Programs, Washington, DC, USA (PDF | 374.2k)
  9. Jun 2006, Disease Control Priorities In Developing Countries , Rome, Italy (PDF | 1.1MB)
  10. Mar 2007, Enhancing Health Systems Performance And Mobilising Resources, Arusha, Tanzania (PDF | 510.3k)
  11. Oct 2006, Health Priorities At The Beginning of The Millennium: A New Assessment of The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries And Risk Factors, Cairo, Egypt (PDF | 251.6k)
  12. Apr 2006, HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care , Beijing, China (PDF | 476.5k)
  13. May 2006, How Much Health Can A Million Dollars Buy? , Washington, DC, USA (PDF | 134.1k)
  14. May 2006, Improving The Quality of Care In Developing Countries , Washington, DC, USA (PDF | 150.1k)
  15. Apr 2006, Infectious Diseases And The Disease Control Priorities Project, Alexandria, Egypt (PDF | 307.0k)
  16. Dec 2007, Interventions for the Prevention of Road Traffic Injuries: Case Study of Malaysia, Washington, DC, USA (PDF | 768.5k)
  17. Oct 2006, Investing In Global Health: "Best Buys" And Priorities For Action In Developing Countries , Washington, DC, USA (PDF | 273.5k)
  18. May 2006, Investing in Global Health: Priorities for Action in Developing Countries, Stockholm, Sweden (PDF | 1.4MB)
  19. Nov 2006, Investing in Global Health: Priorities for Action in Developing Countries, Washington, DC, USA (PDF | 1.4MB)
  20. Jun 2007, Malaria and its Impact on Maternal, Perinatal, and Child Health, Accra, Ghana (PDF | 618.1k)
  21. Jul 2006, Malaria: The Peril And The Promise, Arusha, Tanzania (PDF | 892.3k)
  22. Jul 2006, Maternal and Perinatal Conditions, Arusha, Tanzania (PDF | 179.5k)
  23. Jun 2007, New Developments in China's Healthcare Services, Bethesda, MD, USA (PDF | 150.9k)
  24. Jul 2006, Newborn Survival: Overview of Main Messages, Arusha, Tanzania (PDF | 114.6k)
  25. Apr 2006, Non-Communicable Diseases, Beijing, China (PDF | 1.0MB)
  26. Sep 2006, Objectives, Methods And Findings of The Disease Control Priorities Project , Washington, DC, USA (PDF | 62.1k)
  27. Sep 2007, Prioritizing Cost-Effective Interventions While Strengthening Health Systems: Balancing Vertical And Horizontal Programs, Arusha, Tanzania (PDF | 400.5k)
  28. Oct 2007, Priority Interventions for Meeting the Challenge of Injuries, Moscow, Russian Federation (PDF | 300.6k)
  29. Jun 2007, Regional Burden of Disease: Risk Factors, And Cost-Effective Interventions, Accra, Ghana (PDF | 162.7k)
  30. Mar 2007, Scaling Up Cost-Effective Interventions And Best Practices; An Overview From DCPP, Arusha, Tanzania (PDF | 366.5k)
  31. Apr 2007, Seminario Internacional Sobre Prioridades En Salud (International Seminar on Priorities in Health) , Santiago, Chile (PDF | 270.9k)
  32. Sep 2007, Surgery In District Hospitals , Arusha, Tanzania (PDF | 38.5k)
  33. Aug 2007, The How and Why of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) in Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (PDF | 672.6k)
  34. Nov 2006, The How and Why of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) in Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, Washington, DC, USA (PDF | 494.4k)
  35. Oct 2007, What we Know about Effective Adolescent Health Programs, Washington, DC, USA (PDF | 162.8k)

News & Events

News
  1. Mar 16, 2007: Ministers Strive to Scale Up Cost-Effective Interventions
  2. Aug 8, 2007: PAHO Highlights DCPP's 'Best Buys' in 'Perspectives in Health' Magazine
  3. Mar 5, 2008: Top Malaria Experts, Led by DCPP Editor, Publish Groundbreaking Research to Aid Malaria Eradication
Events
  1. Sep 4, 2007: 1st Regional Forum on Best Practices in Health Care and Directors Joint Consultative Committee Meeting
  2. May 30, 2006: 33rd Annual International Conference on Global Health
  3. Apr 2, 2006: Disease Control Priorities Project Launch
  4. Oct 29, 2006: Global Health Forum for Health Research
  5. May 1, 2008: Johns Hopkins Population Center and the Population Reference Bureau's Annual Symposium on Policy and Health | Controlling HIV in Africa - Behavior, Biology, or Both?
  6. Apr 10, 2007: Seminario Internacional sobre Prioridades en Salud
  7. Oct 27, 2006: USAID Global Health Mini-University
 

Resources

Related Analysis
  1. Controlling Birth Defects: Reducing the Hidden Toll of Dying and Disabled Children in Low-Income Countries (PDF | 829.3k)
  2. Disease Control Priorities Related to Mental, Neurological, Developmental, and Substance Abuse Disorders (PDF | 1.8MB)
  3. Using Evidence About 'Best Buys' to Advance Global Health (PDF | 395.8k)
Fact Sheets
  1. Addiction to Heroin and Other Opiates: Developing Countries Need Strategies to Reduce Harm (PDF | 315.2k)
  2. Breathing Easier: Preventing Chronic Respiratory Diseases in Adults (PDF | 743.1k)
  3. Controlling Kidney Disease: Prevention and Early Detection Are Key (PDF | 672.3k)
  4. Developing Countries Can Reduce Occupational Hazards (PDF | 677.0k)
  5. La surveillance de la santé publique: La meilleure arme contre les épidémies (PDF | 968.2k)
  6. La vigilancia de la salud pública: La mejor arma para evitar epidemias (PDF | 284.5k)
  7. Public Health Surveillance: The Best Weapon to Avert Epidemics (PDF | 655.7k)
  8. The Scourge of Skin Diseases: Most Can Be Resolved With Cost-Effective Treatments (PDF | 671.4k)
  9. Une tragédie évitable : Les décès maternels et néonatals en Afrique de l'ouest (PDF | 11.1MB)
  10. Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (PDF | 372.9k)
 

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