Research and Development

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Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd Edition)

1. 25. Acute Respiratory Infections in Children
   1. Causes of ARIs and the Burden of Disease
   2. Conclusions: Promises and Pitfalls
   3. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
   4. Implementation of ARI Control Strategies: Lessons of Experience
   5. Research and Development Agenda
2. 59. Adolescent Health Programs
   1. Conclusions
   2. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
   3. Economic Analysis
   4. Interventions
   5. Research and Development Agenda
3. 43. Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control
   1. Conclusion: Promises and Pitfalls
   2. Economic Benefits of Interventions
   3. Implementation of Control Strategies: Lessons of Experience
   4. Intervention Costs and Cost-Effectiveness
   5. Interventions
   6. Research and Development Agenda
4. 47. Alcohol
   1. Burden of Disease Related to High-Risk Alcohol Use
   2. Conclusion
   3. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
   4. Economic Benefits of Interventions
   5. Epidemiology of Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Related Disease Conditions
   6. Implementation of Control Strategies: Lessons of Experience
   7. Interventions for Reducing High-Risk Drinking
   8. Research and Development Agenda
5. 33. Cardiovascular Disease
   1. Burden of Disease
   2. Conclusions: Pitfalls and Promises
   3. Epidemiology of CVD
   4. Research and Development
6. 56. Community Health and Nutrition Programs
   1. Community- and Facility-Based Programs
   2. Community-Based Programs—What Are They?
   3. Future Applications
   4. Programmatic Factors
   5. Results
   6. What Is Known about Efficacy and Effectiveness
7. 69. Complementary and Alternative Medicine
   1. Definitions and Domains of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Traditional Medicine
   2. Demography, Use, Toxicity, and Efficacy
   3. Economics of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Traditional Medicine
   4. Expanding the Beneficial Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Traditional Medicine
   5. Lessons Learned and Implementation
   6. The Research and Development Agenda
8. 21. Conquering Malaria
   1. Causes, Epidemiology, Manifestations, and Diagnosis
   2. Conclusion
   3. Research Priorities
9. 57. Contraception
   1. Economic Benefits of Intervention
   2. Equity: Distributing the Benefits of Subsidies
   3. Intervention Cost and Cost-Effectiveness
   4. Interventions
   5. Nature, Causes, and Burden of the Conditions That Can Be Addressed
   6. Organization of Family-Planning Programs
   7. Research and Development Agenda
10. 51. Cost–Effectiveness of Interventions for Musculoskeletal Conditions
    1. Acknowledgments
    2. Burden of Musculoskeletal Disease
    3. Conclusions: Promises and Pitfalls
    4. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions for OA
    5. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions for Other Musculoskeletal Conditions
    6. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions for RA
    7. Economic Issues
    8. Implementation of Control Strategies: Lessons of Experience
    9. Nature, Causes, and Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Conditions
    10. Preventive Strategies
    11. Research and Development
    12. Treatments
11. 30. Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions
    1. Conclusions
    2. Interventions and Delivery Modes
    3. Lessons and Experience
    4. Nature and Distribution of Diabetes
    5. Research and Development Agenda
12. 19. Diarrheal Diseases
    1. Case Management
    2. Conclusions
    3. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    4. Public Health Significance of Diarrheal Illnesses
    5. Research Agenda
13. 36. Diseases of the Kidney and the Urinary System
    1. Causes and Characteristics of the Burden of Diseases
    2. Causes of Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary System
    3. Conclusions: Promises and Pitfalls
    4. Economic Benefits of Intervention
    5. Implementation of Control Strategies: Lessons of Experience
    6. Research and Development Agenda
14. 55. Drug Resistance
    1. Interventions
    2. Risk Factors
15. 7. Economic Approaches to Valuing Global Health Research
    1. Conclusions
    2. Methods of Assessing the Value of Health Research Projects
    3. The Value of Health Research
16. 68. Emergency Medical Services
    1. Burden of Disease
    2. Conclusions: Promises and Pitfalls
    3. Definitions
    4. Implementation of Control Strategies: Lessons of Experience
    5. The Research and Development Agenda
17. 72. Ensuring Supplies of Appropriate Drugs and Vaccines
    1. Adherence
    2. Conclusion
    3. Dispensing
    4. Drug Policies
    5. Financing Issues
    6. Local Production of Pharmaceuticals
    7. Prescription and Rational Use of Drugs
    8. Priorities for Pharmaceutical Research
    9. Procurement of Drugs
    10. Procurement of Vaccines
    11. Quality Assurance for Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines
    12. Selection of Drugs
    13. Selection of Vaccines
    14. Storage and Distribution of Essential Drugs and Vaccines
    15. Sustainable Financing of Vaccines and Immunizations
    16. The WHO Prequalification Schemes
    17. Vaccine Policies
    18. Vaccine Research Priorities
18. 14. Ethical Issues in Resource Allocation, Research, and New Product Development
    1. Ethics in Research and New Product Development
    2. Health Resource Allocation
19. 12. Financing Health Systems in the 21st Century
    1. Conclusions
    2. Health Financing Issues in LICs
    3. Health Financing Systems
20. 11. Fiscal Policies for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
    1. Fiscal Policy to Promote Health
    2. Subsidies for Health and Health-Related Products
    3. Use of Fiscal Policy for Health in Developing Countries
21. 10. Gender Differentials in Health
    1. Antecedents
    2. Research Agenda
22. 64. General Primary Care
    1. A Research and Development Agenda for General Primary Care
    2. Acknowledgments
    3. Conclusions
    4. Scaling Up
    5. The Cost-Effectiveness of Primary Care Interventions
    6. The Effectiveness of General Primary Care
    7. The Scope of General Primary Care Practice
23. 29. Health Service Interventions for Cancer Control in Developing Countries
    1. Applicability of Cost-Effectiveness Studies from Developed to Developing Countries
    2. Research Agenda
    3. Types of Interventions for Cancer Control
24. 71. Health Workers: Building and Motivating the Workforce
    1. Advice for Governments
    2. Health Care Provision and Associated Human Resource Needs
    3. Health Care Staff
    4. Health Worker Incentives
    5. Research and Development Agenda
25. 18. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment
    1. Obstacles to HIV Control
    2. Research Agenda
26. 48. Illicit Opiate Abuse
    1. Conclusions: Promises and Pitfalls
    2. Contribution of Opioid Dependence to the Global Burden of Disease
    3. Interventions for Illicit Opioid Dependence
    4. Nature, Causes, and Health Consequences of Illicit Opioid Use
    5. Relevance to Developing Countries
    6. Research and Development
27. 8. Improving the Health of Populations: Lessons of Experience
    1. Acknowledgments
    2. Conclusion
    3. General Findings
    4. Research Methods
28. 70. Improving the Quality of Care in Developing Countries
    1. Conclusion
    2. Economic Benefits and Costs of Quality Care
    3. Policy Interventions to Improve Quality
29. 42. Indoor Air Pollution
    1. Conclusions
    2. Implementation of Control Strategies: Lessons from Experience
    3. Intervention Costs and Effectiveness
    4. Interventions and Policy
    5. Nature, Causes, and Burden of Condition
    6. The Research and Development Agenda
30. 54. Information to Improve Decision Making for Health
    1. Benefits, Costs, and Cost-Effectiveness of Improved Information
    2. Conclusions
    3. Financing of Improved Health Information
    4. Implementation of Change: Lessons of Experience
    5. Introduction
    6. Research and Development
    7. Systems and Supply of Health Information
31. 34. Inherited Disorders of Hemoglobin
    1. Control and Treatment
    2. Costs and Effectiveness of Diagnosis and Management
    3. Further Research
    4. Introduction
    5. Options for Control and Management of Inherited Hemoglobin Disorders
32. 63. Integrated Management of the Sick Child
    1. Acknowledgments
    2. Conclusions: Promises and Pitfalls
    3. Implementation of Programs: Lessons of Experience
    4. Intervention Cost and Cost-Effectiveness
    5. Interventions
    6. Nature, Causes, and Burden of Child Mortality
    7. Policy Shift to Integrated Management
    8. The Research and Development Agenda
33. 40. Interpersonal Violence
    1. Implementation of Prevention Strategies
    2. Interventions
34. 1. Investing in Health
    1. Acknowledgments
    2. Annex 1.A: The Burden of Disease in 2001
    3. Child Health
    4. Conclusions
    5. Development Assistance for Health
    6. Health System Development and Finance
    7. HIV/AIDS
    8. Noncommunicable Disease and Injury
    9. Research and Development
    10. The 20th Century Takeoff in Human Health
    11. The Economic Benefits of Better Health
    12. Why Has Mortality Declined at Such Different Rates in Different Countries?
35. 49. Learning and Developmental Disabilities
    1. Research Agenda for Prevention of Disabilities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    2. Summary
36. 50. Loss of Vision and Hearing
    1. Conclusions: Promises and Pitfalls
    2. Nature, Causes, and Epidemiology of Hearing Loss
    3. Nature, Causes, and Epidemiology of Vision Loss
    4. Research and Development Agenda
37. 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
    1. Acknowledgments
    2. Annex 26.A: CEA Model Assumptions
    3. Conclusions
    4. Economic Benefits of Intervention
    5. Epidemiology of Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
    6. Lessons for Implementation
    7. Research and Development Needs
38. 31. Mental Disorders
    1. Policy and Service Implications
39. 9. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
    1. Costing and Financing Additional Spending for the MDGs
    2. Scaling Up: Defining Interventions and Removing Constraints
    3. The Millennium Development Goals for Health: Progress and Prospects
40. 61. Natural Disaster Mitigation and Relief
    1. Acknowledgments
    2. Conclusions
    3. Implementation of Control Strategies: Lessons of Experience and Challenges Faced
    4. The Research and Development Agenda
41. 32. Neurological Disorders
    1. Acknowledgments
    2. AD and Other Dementias
    3. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions in Developing Countries
    4. Epilepsy
    5. Missed Opportunities
    6. Parkinson's Disease
    7. Recommendations
    8. Research and Development Agenda
42. 27. Newborn Survival
    1. Interventions
    2. Research Priorities
43. 60. Occupational Health
    1. Economic Aspects of Intervention
    2. Implementation
    3. Interventions
    4. Research Agenda
44. 38. Oral and Craniofacial Diseases and Disorders
    1. Common-Risk-Factor Intervention Programs
    2. Cost-Effectiveness of Oral Health Care
    3. Oral Precancer and Cancer
    4. Research and Future Actions
45. 52. Pain Control for People with Cancer and AIDS
    1. Burden of Pain from Cancer and AIDS
    2. Conclusions
    3. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness
    4. Implementation of Strategies to Improve Pain Control
    5. Interventions for Pain Relief
    6. Recommendations for Research and Development
46. 44. Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes
    1. Acknowledgments
    2. Conclusions
    3. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    4. Interventions
    5. Recommended Priority Interventions
    6. Research and Development Priorities
47. 4. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
    1. Acknowledgments
    2. Key Recommendations
    3. Needs, Context, Opportunities, and Major Challenges
    4. Priority Setting
48. 6. Product Development Priorities
    1. Diagnostics
    2. Financing and Institutional Arrangements for New Product Development
    3. Intellectual Property
    4. Introduction
    5. Pharmaceutical Products
    6. Regulatory and Liability Issues
49. 53. Public Health Surveillance: A Tool for Targeting and Monitoring Intervention
    1. Analysis and Dissemination of Surveillance Data
    2. Global Surveillance Networks
    3. Research Agenda in Public Health Surveillance
    4. Selected Surveillance Strategies
    5. Surveillance as a Tool to Improve Public Health
50. 13. Recent Trends and Innovations in Development Assistance for Health
    1. Conclusions
    2. Making Development Assistance for Health More Effective: Lessons Learned
    3. Recent Innovations to Improve the Effectiveness of Development Assistance for Health
    4. Trends and Gaps in Development Assistance for Health
51. 66. Referral Hospitals
    1. Current Balance of Care in Practice
    2. Functions and Benefits
    3. Getting Better Value for Money from the Hospital System
52. 35. Respiratory Diseases of Adults
    1. Future Research Needs
53. 58. School–Based Health and Nutrition Programs
    1. Conclusions
    2. Cost-Effectiveness of Intervention
    3. Economic Benefits of Intervention
    4. Estimating the Burden of Disease
    5. Implementation of Programs and Lessons from Experience
    6. Infectious Disease and School-Age Children
    7. Interventions
    8. Malnutrition, Noninfectious Disease, and Health and Education
    9. Research and Development Agenda
54. 5. Science and Technology for Disease Control: Past, Present, and Future
    1. Medicine before the 20th Century
    2. Science, Technology, and Medicine in the 20th Century
    3. Science, Technology, and Medicine in the Future
    4. Summary
55. 17. Sexually Transmitted Infections
    1. Acknowledgments
    2. Burden of STIs and Benefits of Control
    3. Conclusions
    4. Intervention Costs and Cost-Effectiveness
    5. Research and Development Agenda
    6. Scaling Up Control Strategies
56. 37. Skin Diseases
    1. Skin Diseases
57. 3. Strengthening Health Systems
    1. Acknowledgments
    2. Conclusions
    3. Health System Constraints on the Delivery of Public and Personal Health Services
    4. History and Current Themes
    5. Research Priorities
    6. Solutions in Low-Capacity Environments
58. 28. Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders
    1. Conclusions
    2. Economic Benefits of Intervention
    3. Intervention Costs and Cost-Effectiveness
    4. Interventions
    5. Nature, Causes, and Burden of Undernutrition
    6. Program Implementation: Lessons of Experience
    7. Research and Development Agenda
59. 67. Surgery
    1. Conclusions
    2. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    3. Interventions
    4. Nature, Causes, and Burden of Surgical Conditions
    5. Research and Development Agenda
60. 65. The District Hospital
    1. Definitions, Basic Concepts, and Framework
    2. Economics of District Hospitals: A Summary of Reported Experience
    3. Effecting Change with Cross-Cutting Interventions
    4. The Future: Research and Information Needs
61. 45. The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
    1. Burden of the Disease, Condition, or Risk Factor
    2. Conclusions
    3. Economic Benefits of Intervention
    4. Epidemiology
    5. Research and Development Agenda
62. 46. Tobacco Addiction
    1. Interventions to Reduce Demand for Tobacco
    2. Rationale for Government Intervention
63. 23. Tropical Diseases Lacking Adequate Control Measures: Dengue, Leishmaniasis, and African Trypanosomiasis
    1. Problems and Challenges for Disease Control
    2. Summary
64. 22. Tropical Diseases Targeted for Elimination: Chagas Disease, Lymphatic Filariasis, Onchocerciasis, and Leprosy
    1. Conclusion
    2. Disease Characteristics and Transmission
    3. Research Needs and Priorities
65. 39. Unintentional Injuries
    1. Acknowledgments
    2. Burden and Causes of Unintentional Injuries
    3. Conclusions: Promises and Pitfalls
    4. Costs, Cost-Effectiveness, and Economic Benefits of Intervention
    5. Implementation of Prevention and Control Strategies
    6. Interventions
    7. Research and Development Agenda
66. 20. Vaccine–Preventable Diseases
    1. Conclusions
    2. Expanded Program on Immunization
    3. Financial Sustainability of Immunization Programs
    4. Research Agenda
67. 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
    1. Hygiene Promotion

Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors

1. 4. Comparative Quantification of Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Risk Factors
   1. Burden of Disease Attributable to Individual Risk Factors
   2. Directions for Future Research
   3. Discussion
   4. Joint Effects of Multiple Risk Factors
   5. Risk Factor Selection
2. 1. Measuring the Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, 1990—2001

Priorities in Health

1. 1. Accomplishments, Challenges, and Priorities
2. 7. Pillars of the Health System
   1. Financing
   2. Human Resources
   3. Information, Surveillance, and Research
3. 8. The Way Forward: A Blueprint for Action

Chapter Presentations

Chapter 04. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions

1. Select Health Research and Development Best Buys

Chapter 05. Science and Technology for Disease Control: Past, Present, and Future

1. Estimated Funding for Global Health Research and Development, 1998

Chapter 06. Product Development Priorities

1. Product Development for HIV/AIDS and TB, Public-Private Partnerships, 2004
2. Product Development for Tropical Diseases, Public-Private Partnerships, 2004
3. Number of Products in Development, Public-Private Partnerships Portfolios, 2004

Chapter 45. The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight

1. Estimates of Cost-effectiveness of a Polypill for Cardiovascular Disease, By Region
2. Estimates of Cost-effectiveness of a Polypill for Cardiovascular Disease in India