Finance and Cost-Effectiveness

Effective use of limited resources is fundamental to improving health, meeting new challenges, and addressing inequities. Knowledge of which interventions work, how much they cost, and how they are best implemented and delivered is the key to successful outcomes. Ultimately, however, such knowledge has to be tempered by knowledge of institutions and implementation. Only when scientific and practical knowledge are combined can policy makers identify the interventions that will have the most impact in practice.

Decisions about how to finance health care strongly influence how the health system will function in any country, but low- and middle income countries can do more with the funds they have by allocating resources to cost-effective interventions and by mobilizing additional funds to support health improvements. Meeting today’s health challenges requires wealthy countries to fulfill their commitments to increase international development assistance to health, even as it requires low-income countries to face the challenges of absorbing these funds and using them in ways that will effectively improve the health of their populations.

Sub-topics

Find more specific references for the following sub-topic(s):
  1. Economics and Cost-Effectiveness
  2. Finance

Publications

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Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd Edition)
  1. 25. Acute Respiratory Infections in Children
  2. 59. Adolescent Health Programs
  3. 43. Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control
  4. 47. Alcohol
  5. 33. Cardiovascular Disease
  6. 56. Community Health and Nutrition Programs
  7. 69. Complementary and Alternative Medicine
  8. 21. Conquering Malaria
  9. 57. Contraception
  10. 15. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis for Priority Setting
  11. 51. Cost–Effectiveness of Interventions for Musculoskeletal Conditions
  12. 30. Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions
  13. 19. Diarrheal Diseases
  14. 36. Diseases of the Kidney and the Urinary System
  15. 55. Drug Resistance
  16. 7. Economic Approaches to Valuing Global Health Research
  17. 68. Emergency Medical Services
  18. 72. Ensuring Supplies of Appropriate Drugs and Vaccines
  19. 14. Ethical Issues in Resource Allocation, Research, and New Product Development
  20. 12. Financing Health Systems in the 21st Century
  21. 11. Fiscal Policies for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
  22. 10. Gender Differentials in Health
  23. 64. General Primary Care
  24. 29. Health Service Interventions for Cancer Control in Developing Countries
  25. 71. Health Workers: Building and Motivating the Workforce
  26. 24. Helminth Infections: Soil–Transmitted Helminth Infections and Schistosomiasis
  27. 18. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment
  28. 48. Illicit Opiate Abuse
  29. 8. Improving the Health of Populations: Lessons of Experience
  30. 70. Improving the Quality of Care in Developing Countries
  31. 42. Indoor Air Pollution
  32. 54. Information to Improve Decision Making for Health
  33. 34. Inherited Disorders of Hemoglobin
  34. 63. Integrated Management of the Sick Child
  35. 40. Interpersonal Violence
  36. 2. Intervention Cost–Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages
  37. 1. Investing in Health
  38. 49. Learning and Developmental Disabilities
  39. 50. Loss of Vision and Hearing
  40. 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
  41. 31. Mental Disorders
  42. 9. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
  43. 61. Natural Disaster Mitigation and Relief
  44. 32. Neurological Disorders
  45. 27. Newborn Survival
  46. 60. Occupational Health
  47. 38. Oral and Craniofacial Diseases and Disorders
  48. 52. Pain Control for People with Cancer and AIDS
  49. 44. Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes
  50. 4. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
  51. 6. Product Development Priorities
  52. 53. Public Health Surveillance: A Tool for Targeting and Monitoring Intervention
  53. 13. Recent Trends and Innovations in Development Assistance for Health
  54. 66. Referral Hospitals
  55. 35. Respiratory Diseases of Adults
  56. 58. School–Based Health and Nutrition Programs
  57. 5. Science and Technology for Disease Control: Past, Present, and Future
  58. 17. Sexually Transmitted Infections
  59. 37. Skin Diseases
  60. 73. Strategic Management of Clinical Services
  61. 3. Strengthening Health Systems
  62. 28. Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders
  63. 67. Surgery
  64. 65. The District Hospital
  65. 45. The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
  66. 46. Tobacco Addiction
  67. 23. Tropical Diseases Lacking Adequate Control Measures: Dengue, Leishmaniasis, and African Trypanosomiasis
  68. 22. Tropical Diseases Targeted for Elimination: Chagas Disease, Lymphatic Filariasis, Onchocerciasis, and Leprosy
  69. 16. Tuberculosis
  70. 39. Unintentional Injuries
  71. 20. Vaccine–Preventable Diseases
  72. 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors
  1. 4. Comparative Quantification of Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Risk Factors
  2. 6. Incorporating Deaths Near the Time of Birth into Estimates of the Global Burden of Disease
  3. 1. Measuring the Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, 1990—2001
  4. 5. Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses for Burden of Disease and Risk Factor Estimates
  5. 3. The Burden of Disease and Mortality by Condition: Data, Methods, and Results for 2001
Priorities in Health
  1. 1. Accomplishments, Challenges, and Priorities
  2. 5. Cost–Effective Strategies for Noncommunicable Diseases, Risk Factors, and Behaviors
  3. 4. Cost–Effective Strategies for the Excess Burden of Disease in Developing Countries
  4. 3. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis
  5. 7. Pillars of the Health System
  6. 6. Providing Interventions
  7. 2. Success in Addressing Priorities
  8. 8. The Way Forward: A Blueprint for Action

Chapter Presentations

Chapter 02. Intervention Cost-Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Childhood Conditions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  2. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Epidemic Tuberculosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  3. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Endemic Tuberculosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  4. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa
  5. Efficiency of Interventions
  6. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Diarrheal Disease in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  7. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Traffic Accidents in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  8. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Dengue and Hepatitis B in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  9. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Neurological Disorders in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  10. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Mental Disorders in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  11. Cost-effectiveness of Surgery and Emergency Medical Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  12. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  13. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Heart Attacks and Stroke in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  14. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Coronary Heart Disease in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  15. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Tobacco Addiction in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  16. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Alcohol Abuse in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  17. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for HIV/AIDS Treatment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  18. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for HIV/AIDS Prevention in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Chapter 01. Investing in Health
  1. Health Expenditures, 2001, By Country Income Level
  2. Reducing Under-five Mortality: How much health will a million dollars buy?
  3. Preventing and Treating HIV/AIDS: How much health will a million dollars buy?
  4. Preventing and Treating Noncommunicable Diseases: How much health will a million dollars buy?
  5. Cervical Cancer and Surgically Treatable Conditions: How much health will a million dollars buy?
Chapter 20. Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
  1. Cost per Deaths and Disability Adjusted Life Years Averted by Vaccination, 2001
  2. Annual Cost per Fully Immunized Child for the Traditional Childhood Vaccines, By Region, 2001
  3. Annual Cost per Fully Immunized Child for the Traditional Childhood Vaccines, By Immunization Strategy, 2001
Chapter 18. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Voluntary Counseling and Testing for HIV/AIDS
  2. Cost-effectiveness of Blood Safety Practices for HIV Prevention
  3. Cost-effectiveness of Peer-based Programs for Preventing HIV/AIDS
  4. Cost-effectiveness of STI Treatment for Preventing HIV/AIDS
  5. Cost-effectiveness of Antiretroviral Therapy for Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV
  6. Cost-effectiveness of Harm Reduction for Injecting Drug Users for HIV Prevention
Chapter 60. Occupational Health
  1. Estimated Average Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions for Reducing Risk of Silicosis
Chapter 12. Financing Health Systems in the 21st Century
  1. Achieving Universal Health Coverage in Middle-Income Countries
  2. Achieving Universal Health Coverage in Middle-Income Countries
  3. Average Central Government Revenues, Early 2000s
  4. Health Care Financing System Trends, by Country Income Level
  5. Composition of Health Financing, by Country Income Level, 2001
Chapter 30. Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Preventing and Treating Diabetes in Developing Countries
  2. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Preventing and Treating Diabetes in Developing Countries
  3. Estimated Direct Medical Costs of Diabetes, By Region, 2003
Chapter 10. Gender Differentials in Health
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Selected Interventions for Maternal Conditions
  2. Cost-effectiveness of Selected Interventions for Chlamydia Infection
  3. Cost-effectiveness of Selected Interventions for Cervical Cancer
Chapter 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
Chapter 21. Conquering Malaria
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Selected Malaria Interventions
Chapter 33. Cardiovascular Disease
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Medical Therapy for Coronary Heart Disease, By Region
  2. Cost-effectiveness of Medical Therapy for Heart Attacks, By Region
Chapter 27. Newborn Survival
  1. Cost of Adding Newborn Care Packages to Maternal and Child Health Services
Chapter 45. The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease in Latin America and the Caribbean*
  2. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease in Africa*
  3. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease in Southeast Asia*
  4. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease in the Western Pacific*
  5. Estimates of Cost-effectiveness of a Polypill for Cardiovascular Disease, By Region
  6. Estimates of Cost-effectiveness of a Polypill for Cardiovascular Disease in India
Chapter 68. Emergency Medical Services
  1. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Combined Use of Trained Lay First Responders and Paramedics
  2. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Staffed Community Ambulances in Urban Areas
  3. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Staffed Community Ambulances in Rural Areas
Chapter 31. Mental Disorders
  1. Costs of a Mental Health Care Package, By Region
Chapter 44. Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes
  1. Incremental Cost-effectiveness of Reducing Salt Content by Legislation and Public Education
  2. Incremental Cost-effectiveness of Reducing Saturated Fat Content
  3. Incremental Cost-effectiveness of Reducing Trans Fat
Chapter 28. Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Nutrition Interventions for Underweight Children
  2. Cost-effectiveness of Nutrition Interventions for Vitamin A Deficiency in Children
  3. Cost-effectiveness of Nutrition Interventions for Iron, Iodine, and Zinc Deficiency in Children
Chapter 39. Unintentional Injuries
  1. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Interventions Enforcing Traffic Regulations
  2. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Installing Speed Bumps at Lethal Intersections
Chapter 59. Adolescent Health Programs
  1. Estimated Cost and Cost-effectiveness of Selected Adolescent Health Programs
Chapter 47. Alcohol
  1. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Interventions to Reduce High-Risk Drinking in Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Sub-Saharan Africa
  2. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Interventions to Reduce High-Risk Drinking in East Asia and the Pacific and South Asia
Chapter 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
  1. Median Construction Cost of Water Supply Facilities for Select Regions
  2. Median Construction Cost of Sanitation Technologies in Select Regions
  3. Cost-effectiveness of Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
Chapter 57. Contraception
  1. Average Cost of Family Planning Services per Infant and Maternal Death Averted
  2. Average Cost of Family Planning Services per Birth Averted and per DALY Averted

Conference and Workshop Presentations

  1. Jun 2008, Closing the Funding Gap using Domestic Financing Mechanisms, Juba, Southern Sudan (PDF | 138.7k)
  2. Dec 2007, Cost Effectiveness of Injury Control in Low Income Countries, Washington, DC, USA (PDF | 320.0k)
  3. Feb 2008, Disease Prevention and Control: An Evidence Based Strategy for Health Policy & Programs , Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles (PDF | 233.5k)
  4. Apr 2007, El Cómo Y El Por Qué De Análisis Costo-Efectividad (Ace) En El Proyecto De Prioridades De Control De Enfermedades En Países En Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (PDF | 1.1MB)
  5. Jul 2006, Financing Health, Arusha, Tanzania (PDF | 180.4k)
  6. Jun 2008, Financing of Health Care in Low in Income Countries (LICs): Addressing the Funding Gap in Southern Sudan, Juba, Southern Sudan (PDF | 83.0k)
  7. Jun 2007, Implications of DCP2 Findings For World Bank Health Policy And Strategies, Bethesda, MD, USA (PDF | 1.8MB)
  8. Apr 2006, Infectious Diseases And The Disease Control Priorities Project, Alexandria, Egypt (PDF | 307.0k)
  9. Jul 2006, Regional Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, Arusha, Tanzania (PDF | 246.2k)
  10. Jun 2007, Regional Burden of Disease: Risk Factors, And Cost-Effective Interventions, Accra, Ghana (PDF | 162.7k)
  11. Apr 2007, Seminario Internacional Sobre Prioridades En Salud (International Seminar on Priorities in Health) , Santiago, Chile (PDF | 270.9k)
  12. Aug 2007, The How and Why of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) in Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (PDF | 672.6k)
  13. Nov 2006, The How and Why of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) in Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, Washington, DC, USA (PDF | 494.4k)

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