Policy and Systems

A health system is more than a mix of facilities and medical consultations. It is a structure within which people, institutions, and organizations interact to mobilize and allocate resources for preventing and treating diseases and injuries. Such a structure must rest on ethical foundations designed to guide resource allocation, research, and new product development in ways consistent with provision of care that is equitable, accessible, and cost-effective.

The infrastructure built on this ethical foundation requires a number of elements to effectively deliver necessary services. Health systems need to refine expenditure allocations and targeting, improve policies toward households, enhance health service delivery, and strengthen core public health functions. A valuable tool for decision makers in this process is the use of surveillance to directly measure the need for and effects of interventions. Strengthening health systems now will make interventions more cost-effective, and fostering knowledge in basic and applied science and management will help these systems better prepare for the future.

Sub-topics

Find more specific references for the following sub-topic(s):
  1. Ethics
  2. Health Policy
  3. Health Systems
  4. Millennium Development Goals
  5. Surveillance

Publications

click to view chapters and sections

Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd Edition)
  1. 1. Investing in Health
  2. 2. Intervention Cost–Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages
  3. 3. Strengthening Health Systems
  4. 4. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
  5. 5. Science and Technology for Disease Control: Past, Present, and Future
  6. 6. Product Development Priorities
  7. 7. Economic Approaches to Valuing Global Health Research
  8. 8. Improving the Health of Populations: Lessons of Experience
  9. 9. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
  10. 10. Gender Differentials in Health
  11. 11. Fiscal Policies for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
  12. 12. Financing Health Systems in the 21st Century
  13. 13. Recent Trends and Innovations in Development Assistance for Health
  14. 14. Ethical Issues in Resource Allocation, Research, and New Product Development
  15. 15. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis for Priority Setting
  16. 16. Tuberculosis
  17. 17. Sexually Transmitted Infections
  18. 18. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment
  19. 19. Diarrheal Diseases
  20. 20. Vaccine–Preventable Diseases
  21. 22. Tropical Diseases Targeted for Elimination: Chagas Disease, Lymphatic Filariasis, Onchocerciasis, and Leprosy
  22. 23. Tropical Diseases Lacking Adequate Control Measures: Dengue, Leishmaniasis, and African Trypanosomiasis
  23. 24. Helminth Infections: Soil–Transmitted Helminth Infections and Schistosomiasis
  24. 25. Acute Respiratory Infections in Children
  25. 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
  26. 27. Newborn Survival
  27. 29. Health Service Interventions for Cancer Control in Developing Countries
  28. 30. Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions
  29. 31. Mental Disorders
  30. 33. Cardiovascular Disease
  31. 34. Inherited Disorders of Hemoglobin
  32. 35. Respiratory Diseases of Adults
  33. 36. Diseases of the Kidney and the Urinary System
  34. 37. Skin Diseases
  35. 39. Unintentional Injuries
  36. 40. Interpersonal Violence
  37. 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
  38. 42. Indoor Air Pollution
  39. 43. Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control
  40. 44. Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes
  41. 45. The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
  42. 46. Tobacco Addiction
  43. 47. Alcohol
  44. 48. Illicit Opiate Abuse
  45. 49. Learning and Developmental Disabilities
  46. 50. Loss of Vision and Hearing
  47. 51. Cost–Effectiveness of Interventions for Musculoskeletal Conditions
  48. 52. Pain Control for People with Cancer and AIDS
  49. 53. Public Health Surveillance: A Tool for Targeting and Monitoring Intervention
  50. 54. Information to Improve Decision Making for Health
  51. 55. Drug Resistance
  52. 56. Community Health and Nutrition Programs
  53. 57. Contraception
  54. 58. School–Based Health and Nutrition Programs
  55. 59. Adolescent Health Programs
  56. 60. Occupational Health
  57. 61. Natural Disaster Mitigation and Relief
  58. 62. Control and Eradication
  59. 63. Integrated Management of the Sick Child
  60. 64. General Primary Care
  61. 65. The District Hospital
  62. 66. Referral Hospitals
  63. 67. Surgery
  64. 68. Emergency Medical Services
  65. 69. Complementary and Alternative Medicine
  66. 70. Improving the Quality of Care in Developing Countries
  67. 71. Health Workers: Building and Motivating the Workforce
  68. 72. Ensuring Supplies of Appropriate Drugs and Vaccines
  69. 73. Strategic Management of Clinical Services
Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors
  1. 1. Measuring the Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, 1990—2001
  2. 2. Demographic and Epidemiological Characteristics of Major Regions, 1990—2001
  3. 3. The Burden of Disease and Mortality by Condition: Data, Methods, and Results for 2001
  4. 4. Comparative Quantification of Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Risk Factors
  5. 5. Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses for Burden of Disease and Risk Factor Estimates
  6. 6. Incorporating Deaths Near the Time of Birth into Estimates of the Global Burden of Disease
Priorities in Health
  1. 1. Accomplishments, Challenges, and Priorities
  2. 2. Success in Addressing Priorities
  3. 3. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis
  4. 4. Cost–Effective Strategies for the Excess Burden of Disease in Developing Countries
  5. 5. Cost–Effective Strategies for Noncommunicable Diseases, Risk Factors, and Behaviors
  6. 6. Providing Interventions
  7. 7. Pillars of the Health System
  8. 8. The Way Forward: A Blueprint for Action

Chapter Presentations

Chapter 03. Strengthening Health Systems
  1. Constraints on Improving Access to Health Interventions, By Level
  2. Health Sector Constraints to Improving Access to Health Interventions
  3. Public Policy Constraints to Improving Access to Health Interventions
  4. Environmental and Contextual Constraints to Improving Access to Health Interventions
  5. Health System Constraints and Possible Disease-Specific and Health System Responses
Chapter 01. Investing in Health
  1. Health Expenditures, 2001, By Country Income Level
Chapter 09. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
  1. Effective Interventions to Achieve the Nutrition MDG
  2. Effective Interventions to Achieve the Maternal Mortality MDG
  3. Effective Interventions to Achieve the Child Mortality MDG
  4. Effective Interventions to Achieve the HIV/AIDS MDG
  5. Effective Interventions to Achieve the Tuberculosis MDG
  6. Effective Interventions to Achieve the Malaria MDG
Chapter 12. Financing Health Systems in the 21st Century
  1. Achieving Universal Health Coverage in Middle-Income Countries
  2. Achieving Universal Health Coverage in Middle-Income Countries
Chapter 44. Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes
  1. Incremental Cost-effectiveness of Reducing Salt Content by Legislation and Public Education
Chapter 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
  1. Median Construction Cost of Water Supply Facilities for Select Regions
  2. Median Construction Cost of Sanitation Technologies in Select Regions
  3. Cost-effectiveness of Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
Chapter 54. Information to Improve Decision Making for Health
  1. Health Information Available from Sources Outside the Health Sector
  2. Estimated Annual Cost of Essential Health Information Subsystems (millions)

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