Policy and Systems

A health system is more than a mix of facilities and medical consultations. It is a structure within which people, institutions, and organizations interact to mobilize and allocate resources for preventing and treating diseases and injuries. Such a structure must rest on ethical foundations designed to guide resource allocation, research, and new product development in ways consistent with provision of care that is equitable, accessible, and cost-effective.

The infrastructure built on this ethical foundation requires a number of elements to effectively deliver necessary services. Health systems need to refine expenditure allocations and targeting, improve policies toward households, enhance health service delivery, and strengthen core public health functions. A valuable tool for decision makers in this process is the use of surveillance to directly measure the need for and effects of interventions. Strengthening health systems now will make interventions more cost-effective, and fostering knowledge in basic and applied science and management will help these systems better prepare for the future.

Sub-topics

Find more specific references for the following sub-topic(s):
  1. Ethics
  2. Health Policy
  3. Health Systems
  4. Millennium Development Goals
  5. Surveillance

Publications

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Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd Edition)
  1. 25. Acute Respiratory Infections in Children
  2. 59. Adolescent Health Programs
  3. 43. Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control
  4. 47. Alcohol
  5. 33. Cardiovascular Disease
  6. 56. Community Health and Nutrition Programs
  7. 69. Complementary and Alternative Medicine
  8. 57. Contraception
  9. 62. Control and Eradication
  10. 15. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis for Priority Setting
  11. 51. Cost–Effectiveness of Interventions for Musculoskeletal Conditions
  12. 30. Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions
  13. 19. Diarrheal Diseases
  14. 36. Diseases of the Kidney and the Urinary System
  15. 55. Drug Resistance
  16. 7. Economic Approaches to Valuing Global Health Research
  17. 68. Emergency Medical Services
  18. 72. Ensuring Supplies of Appropriate Drugs and Vaccines
  19. 14. Ethical Issues in Resource Allocation, Research, and New Product Development
  20. 12. Financing Health Systems in the 21st Century
  21. 11. Fiscal Policies for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
  22. 10. Gender Differentials in Health
  23. 64. General Primary Care
  24. 29. Health Service Interventions for Cancer Control in Developing Countries
  25. 71. Health Workers: Building and Motivating the Workforce
  26. 24. Helminth Infections: Soil–Transmitted Helminth Infections and Schistosomiasis
  27. 18. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment
  28. 48. Illicit Opiate Abuse
  29. 8. Improving the Health of Populations: Lessons of Experience
  30. 70. Improving the Quality of Care in Developing Countries
  31. 42. Indoor Air Pollution
  32. 54. Information to Improve Decision Making for Health
  33. 34. Inherited Disorders of Hemoglobin
  34. 63. Integrated Management of the Sick Child
  35. 40. Interpersonal Violence
  36. 2. Intervention Cost–Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages
  37. 1. Investing in Health
  38. 49. Learning and Developmental Disabilities
  39. 50. Loss of Vision and Hearing
  40. 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
  41. 31. Mental Disorders
  42. 9. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
  43. 61. Natural Disaster Mitigation and Relief
  44. 27. Newborn Survival
  45. 60. Occupational Health
  46. 52. Pain Control for People with Cancer and AIDS
  47. 44. Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes
  48. 4. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
  49. 6. Product Development Priorities
  50. 53. Public Health Surveillance: A Tool for Targeting and Monitoring Intervention
  51. 13. Recent Trends and Innovations in Development Assistance for Health
  52. 66. Referral Hospitals
  53. 35. Respiratory Diseases of Adults
  54. 58. School–Based Health and Nutrition Programs
  55. 5. Science and Technology for Disease Control: Past, Present, and Future
  56. 17. Sexually Transmitted Infections
  57. 37. Skin Diseases
  58. 73. Strategic Management of Clinical Services
  59. 3. Strengthening Health Systems
  60. 67. Surgery
  61. 65. The District Hospital
  62. 45. The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
  63. 46. Tobacco Addiction
  64. 23. Tropical Diseases Lacking Adequate Control Measures: Dengue, Leishmaniasis, and African Trypanosomiasis
  65. 22. Tropical Diseases Targeted for Elimination: Chagas Disease, Lymphatic Filariasis, Onchocerciasis, and Leprosy
  66. 16. Tuberculosis
  67. 39. Unintentional Injuries
  68. 20. Vaccine–Preventable Diseases
  69. 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors
  1. 4. Comparative Quantification of Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Risk Factors
  2. 2. Demographic and Epidemiological Characteristics of Major Regions, 1990—2001
  3. 6. Incorporating Deaths Near the Time of Birth into Estimates of the Global Burden of Disease
  4. 1. Measuring the Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, 1990—2001
  5. 5. Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses for Burden of Disease and Risk Factor Estimates
  6. 3. The Burden of Disease and Mortality by Condition: Data, Methods, and Results for 2001
Priorities in Health
  1. 1. Accomplishments, Challenges, and Priorities
  2. 5. Cost–Effective Strategies for Noncommunicable Diseases, Risk Factors, and Behaviors
  3. 4. Cost–Effective Strategies for the Excess Burden of Disease in Developing Countries
  4. 3. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis
  5. 7. Pillars of the Health System
  6. 6. Providing Interventions
  7. 2. Success in Addressing Priorities
  8. 8. The Way Forward: A Blueprint for Action

Chapter Presentations

Chapter 03. Strengthening Health Systems
  1. Constraints on Improving Access to Health Interventions, By Level
  2. Health Sector Constraints to Improving Access to Health Interventions
  3. Public Policy Constraints to Improving Access to Health Interventions
  4. Environmental and Contextual Constraints to Improving Access to Health Interventions
  5. Health System Constraints and Possible Disease-Specific and Health System Responses
Chapter 01. Investing in Health
  1. Health Expenditures, 2001, By Country Income Level
Chapter 09. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
  1. Effective Interventions to Achieve the Nutrition MDG
  2. Effective Interventions to Achieve the Maternal Mortality MDG
  3. Effective Interventions to Achieve the Child Mortality MDG
  4. Effective Interventions to Achieve the HIV/AIDS MDG
  5. Effective Interventions to Achieve the Tuberculosis MDG
  6. Effective Interventions to Achieve the Malaria MDG
Chapter 12. Financing Health Systems in the 21st Century
  1. Achieving Universal Health Coverage in Middle-Income Countries
  2. Achieving Universal Health Coverage in Middle-Income Countries
Chapter 44. Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes
  1. Incremental Cost-effectiveness of Reducing Salt Content by Legislation and Public Education
Chapter 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
  1. Median Construction Cost of Water Supply Facilities for Select Regions
  2. Median Construction Cost of Sanitation Technologies in Select Regions
  3. Cost-effectiveness of Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
Chapter 54. Information to Improve Decision Making for Health
  1. Health Information Available from Sources Outside the Health Sector
  2. Estimated Annual Cost of Essential Health Information Subsystems (millions)

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