Health Systems

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Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd Edition)

1. 1. Investing in Health
   1. The Economic Benefits of Better Health
   2. Child Health
   3. Noncommunicable Disease and Injury
   4. Health System Development and Finance
   5. Research and Development
   6. Development Assistance for Health
   7. Conclusions
2. 2. Intervention Cost–Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages
   1. Priority Setting
   2. Assessing the Evidence on the Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
   3. Discussion
3. 3. Strengthening Health Systems
   1. History and Current Themes
   2. Health System Constraints on the Delivery of Public and Personal Health Services
   3. Assessment of Approaches to Strengthen Health System Capacity
   4. Targeting Resources
   5. Solutions in Low-Capacity Environments
   6. Research Priorities
   7. Conclusions
   8. Acknowledgments
4. 4. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
   1. Needs, Context, Opportunities, and Major Challenges
   2. Priority Setting
5. 5. Science and Technology for Disease Control: Past, Present, and Future
   1. Science, Technology, and Medicine in the 20th Century
   2. Science, Technology, and Medicine in the Future
6. 6. Product Development Priorities
   1. Regulatory and Liability Issues
7. 8. Improving the Health of Populations: Lessons of Experience
   1. Intervention Type, Programmatic Characteristics, and Policies
8. 9. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
   1. What Do Countries Need To Do?
   2. Costing and Financing Additional Spending for the MDGs
9. 10. Gender Differentials in Health
   1. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
10. 11. Fiscal Policies for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
    1. Subsidies for Health and Health-Related Products
    2. Taxes and Tax Expenditures: Design and Outcomes
11. 12. Financing Health Systems in the 21st Century
    1. Health Financing Systems
    2. Absorption, Effectiveness, and Sustainability of Donor Funds
    3. Health Financing Issues in LICs
    4. Health Financing Issues in MICs
    5. Conclusions
12. 13. Recent Trends and Innovations in Development Assistance for Health
    1. Trends and Gaps in Development Assistance for Health
    2. Making Development Assistance for Health More Effective: Lessons Learned
    3. Recent Innovations to Improve the Effectiveness of Development Assistance for Health
13. 14. Ethical Issues in Resource Allocation, Research, and New Product Development
    1. Ethics in Research and New Product Development
14. 15. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis for Priority Setting
    1. Cost-Effectiveness and Priority Setting
    2. Determining Costs for Interventions
15. 16. Tuberculosis
    1. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions against Tuberculosis
16. 17. Sexually Transmitted Infections
    1. Introduction
    2. Bacterial and Viral STIs and Their Sequelae
    3. Research and Development Agenda
17. 19. Diarrheal Diseases
18. 20. Vaccine–Preventable Diseases
    1. Causes and Epidemiology of Diseases Prevented by Vaccines Used in National Immunization Programs
    2. Expanded Program on Immunization
19. 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
    1. Epidemiology of Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
    2. Interventions
    3. Cost-Effectiveness of Selected Intervention Packages
    4. Economic Benefits of Intervention
    5. Lessons for Implementation
    6. Research and Development Needs
    7. Conclusions
20. 27. Newborn Survival
    1. Neonatal Deaths
    2. Interventions
    3. Marginal Impact and Cost of Scaling Up Universal Neonatal Packages
    4. Implementation
21. 29. Health Service Interventions for Cancer Control in Developing Countries
    1. Cost-Effectiveness of Cancer Control Interventions
22. 30. Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions
    1. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions and Priorities
    2. Lessons and Experience
    3. Research and Development Agenda
23. 31. Mental Disorders
    1. Schizophrenia and Nonaffective Psychoses
    2. Cost-Effectiveness Methods and Results
    3. Policy and Service Implications
24. 33. Cardiovascular Disease
    1. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    2. Research and Development
25. 36. Diseases of the Kidney and the Urinary System
    1. Causes and Characteristics of the Burden of Diseases
    2. Causes of Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary System
    3. Economic Benefits of Intervention
    4. Implementation of Control Strategies: Lessons of Experience
    5. Research and Development Agenda
    6. Conclusions: Promises and Pitfalls
26. 39. Unintentional Injuries
27. 40. Interpersonal Violence
    1. The Nature, Burden, and Causes of Interpersonal Violence
    2. Interventions
    3. Implementation of Prevention Strategies
28. 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
    1. Water Supply
    2. Excreta Disposal
    3. Effect on Burden of Disease
29. 42. Indoor Air Pollution
    1. Conclusions
30. 43. Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control
    1. Nature, Causes, and Burden of Air and Water Pollution
31. 44. Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes
    1. Interventions
    2. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
32. 45. The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
    1. Interventions
33. 46. Tobacco Addiction
    1. Rationale for Government Intervention
    2. Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Tobacco-Control Interventions
34. 47. Alcohol
    1. Interventions for Reducing High-Risk Drinking
35. 48. Illicit Opiate Abuse
    1. Interventions for Illicit Opioid Dependence
    2. Relevance to Developing Countries
    3. Annex 48.A: Prevalence of Use, Adverse Health Effects of and Interventions for Cannabis, Cocaine, Amphetamines, and MDMA Use and Dependence
36. 49. Learning and Developmental Disabilities
    1. Interventions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    2. Research Agenda for Prevention of Disabilities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
37. 50. Loss of Vision and Hearing
38. 51. Cost–Effectiveness of Interventions for Musculoskeletal Conditions
39. 52. Pain Control for People with Cancer and AIDS
    1. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness
    2. Implementation of Strategies to Improve Pain Control
    3. Recommendations for Research and Development
40. 53. Public Health Surveillance: A Tool for Targeting and Monitoring Intervention
    1. Definitions and Basic Concepts
    2. Objectives of Surveillance Systems
    3. Principles and Uses of Surveillance
    4. Establishing and Maintaining a Surveillance System
    5. Analysis and Dissemination of Surveillance Data
    6. Surveillance as a Component of National Public Health Systems
    7. Surveillance as a Tool to Improve Public Health
    8. Selected Surveillance Strategies
    9. The Role of Surveillance in Major Outbreaks
    10. Surveillance for Specific Conditions
    11. Economics of Public Health Surveillance Systems
    12. Future of Surveillance
    13. Global Surveillance Networks
    14. Research Agenda in Public Health Surveillance
    15. Conclusion
    16. Acknowledgments
41. 54. Information to Improve Decision Making for Health
    1. Introduction
    2. Systems and Supply of Health Information
    3. Benefits, Costs, and Cost-Effectiveness of Improved Information
    4. Financing of Improved Health Information
    5. Implementation of Change: Lessons of Experience
    6. Conclusions
42. 55. Drug Resistance
    1. Interventions
43. 56. Community Health and Nutrition Programs
    1. Programmatic Factors
44. 57. Contraception
45. 58. School–Based Health and Nutrition Programs
    1. Cost-Effectiveness of Intervention
    2. Conclusions
46. 59. Adolescent Health Programs
    1. Interventions
    2. Program Implementation and Lessons of Experience
47. 60. Occupational Health
    1. Global Burden of Disease from Occupational Health Risks
    2. Interventions
    3. Economic Aspects of Intervention
    4. Implementation
    5. Research Agenda
48. 61. Natural Disaster Mitigation and Relief
    1. Disasters as a Public Health Condition
    2. Interventions: From Response to Prevention
49. 62. Control and Eradication
    1. Frameworks for Eradication
    2. Disease-Specific Case Studies
50. 63. Integrated Management of the Sick Child
    1. Interventions
    2. Intervention Cost and Cost-Effectiveness
    3. Implementation of Programs: Lessons of Experience
    4. The Research and Development Agenda
    5. Conclusions: Promises and Pitfalls
51. 64. General Primary Care
    1. The Scope of General Primary Care Practice
    2. The Effectiveness of General Primary Care
    3. Scaling Up
    4. A Research and Development Agenda for General Primary Care
    5. Conclusions
52. 65. The District Hospital
    1. Definitions, Basic Concepts, and Framework
    2. Economics of District Hospitals: A Summary of Reported Experience
    3. Factors Influencing District Hospitals' Performance
    4. Effecting Change with Cross-Cutting Interventions
53. 66. Referral Hospitals
    1. Definition and Characteristics
    2. Functions and Benefits
    3. Determinants of an Appropriate Balance of Referral-Level Care
    4. Current Balance of Care in Practice
    5. Getting Better Value for Money from the Hospital System
    6. Concluding Comments
54. 67. Surgery
    1. Nature, Causes, and Burden of Surgical Conditions
    2. Interventions
    3. Research and Development Agenda
55. 68. Emergency Medical Services
    1. Interventions for Emergency Care: Systems, Structures, and Organization
    2. Conclusions: Promises and Pitfalls
56. 69. Complementary and Alternative Medicine
    1. Definitions and Domains of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Traditional Medicine
    2. Economics of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Traditional Medicine
    3. Expanding the Beneficial Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Traditional Medicine
    4. Lessons Learned and Implementation
57. 70. Improving the Quality of Care in Developing Countries
    1. Quality Definition and Population Framework
    2. Policy Interventions to Improve Quality
    3. Measuring Quality
    4. Economic Benefits and Costs of Quality Care
    5. Conclusion
58. 71. Health Workers: Building and Motivating the Workforce
    1. Health Care Provision and Associated Human Resource Needs
    2. Health Care Staff
    3. Health Worker Incentives
    4. Advice for Governments
    5. Research and Development Agenda
59. 72. Ensuring Supplies of Appropriate Drugs and Vaccines
    1. Selection of Drugs
    2. Storage and Distribution of Essential Drugs and Vaccines
    3. Issues for the Future
    4. Vaccine Research Priorities
60. 73. Strategic Management of Clinical Services
    1. What Is Management?
    2. Managing Clinical Services in Different Settings
    3. The Specifics: What Works?
    4. Summary

Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors

1. 1. Measuring the Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, 1990—2001
2. 3. The Burden of Disease and Mortality by Condition: Data, Methods, and Results for 2001
   1. Estimating Deaths by Cause: Methods and Data
   2. Estimating Incidence, Prevalence, and YLD: Methods and Data
   3. Discussion and Conclusions
3. 4. Comparative Quantification of Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Risk Factors
   1. Joint Effects of Multiple Risk Factors
4. 5. Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses for Burden of Disease and Risk Factor Estimates
   1. Uncertainty Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Estimates
   2. Uncertainty Estimates for All-Cause Mortality and Life Expectancies
   3. Uncertainty Estimates for Regional Mortality by Cause
   4. Uncertainty Arising from Epidemiological Estimates
   5. Uncertainty in the Disease Burden Attributable to Risk Factors
   6. Conclusions
5. 6. Incorporating Deaths Near the Time of Birth into Estimates of the Global Burden of Disease

Priorities in Health

1. 1. Accomplishments, Challenges, and Priorities
   1. An Agenda for Action
2. 2. Success in Addressing Priorities
   1. Successes Despite Weak Health Systems
   2. Successes That Strengthened Weak Health Systems
   3. Cost-Effective Interventions Aimed at Building Health Systems
   4. Cost-Effective Interventions That Furthered Existing Health Systems
   5. Cost-Effective Interventions Beyond Health Systems
   6. Conclusion
3. 3. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis
   1. How Can Policy Makers Use Cost-Effectiveness Analysis?
4. 4. Cost–Effective Strategies for the Excess Burden of Disease in Developing Countries
   1. Infectious and Communicable Diseases
   2. Maternal and Neonatal Health
5. 5. Cost–Effective Strategies for Noncommunicable Diseases, Risk Factors, and Behaviors
   1. Congenital and Developmental Disorders
   2. Conclusion
6. 6. Providing Interventions
   1. Levels of Care
   2. Cross-Level Services and Inputs
   3. Integration of Services Across the Life Cycle
7. 7. Pillars of the Health System
   1. Information, Surveillance, and Research
   2. Management of Health Services
   3. Human Resources
   4. Financing

Chapter Presentations

Chapter 03. Strengthening Health Systems

1. Constraints on Improving Access to Health Interventions, By Level
2. Health Sector Constraints to Improving Access to Health Interventions
3. Public Policy Constraints to Improving Access to Health Interventions
4. Environmental and Contextual Constraints to Improving Access to Health Interventions
5. Health System Constraints and Possible Disease-Specific and Health System Responses

Chapter 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion

1. Median Construction Cost of Water Supply Facilities for Select Regions
2. Median Construction Cost of Sanitation Technologies in Select Regions
3. Cost-effectiveness of Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion

Chapter 54. Information to Improve Decision Making for Health

1. Health Information Available from Sources Outside the Health Sector
2. Estimated Annual Cost of Essential Health Information Subsystems (millions)