Health Systems

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Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd Edition)

1. 59. Adolescent Health Programs
   1. Interventions
   2. Program Implementation and Lessons of Experience
2. 43. Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control
   1. Nature, Causes, and Burden of Air and Water Pollution
3. 47. Alcohol
   1. Interventions for Reducing High-Risk Drinking
4. 33. Cardiovascular Disease
   1. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
   2. Research and Development
5. 56. Community Health and Nutrition Programs
   1. Programmatic Factors
6. 69. Complementary and Alternative Medicine
   1. Definitions and Domains of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Traditional Medicine
   2. Economics of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Traditional Medicine
   3. Expanding the Beneficial Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Traditional Medicine
   4. Lessons Learned and Implementation
7. 57. Contraception
8. 62. Control and Eradication
   1. Disease-Specific Case Studies
   2. Frameworks for Eradication
9. 15. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis for Priority Setting
   1. Cost-Effectiveness and Priority Setting
   2. Determining Costs for Interventions
10. 51. Cost–Effectiveness of Interventions for Musculoskeletal Conditions
11. 30. Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions
    1. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions and Priorities
    2. Lessons and Experience
    3. Research and Development Agenda
12. 19. Diarrheal Diseases
13. 36. Diseases of the Kidney and the Urinary System
    1. Causes and Characteristics of the Burden of Diseases
    2. Causes of Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary System
    3. Conclusions: Promises and Pitfalls
    4. Economic Benefits of Intervention
    5. Implementation of Control Strategies: Lessons of Experience
    6. Research and Development Agenda
14. 55. Drug Resistance
    1. Interventions
15. 68. Emergency Medical Services
    1. Conclusions: Promises and Pitfalls
    2. Interventions for Emergency Care: Systems, Structures, and Organization
16. 72. Ensuring Supplies of Appropriate Drugs and Vaccines
    1. Issues for the Future
    2. Selection of Drugs
    3. Storage and Distribution of Essential Drugs and Vaccines
    4. Vaccine Research Priorities
17. 14. Ethical Issues in Resource Allocation, Research, and New Product Development
    1. Ethics in Research and New Product Development
18. 12. Financing Health Systems in the 21st Century
    1. Absorption, Effectiveness, and Sustainability of Donor Funds
    2. Conclusions
    3. Health Financing Issues in LICs
    4. Health Financing Issues in MICs
    5. Health Financing Systems
19. 11. Fiscal Policies for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
    1. Subsidies for Health and Health-Related Products
    2. Taxes and Tax Expenditures: Design and Outcomes
20. 10. Gender Differentials in Health
    1. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
21. 64. General Primary Care
    1. A Research and Development Agenda for General Primary Care
    2. Conclusions
    3. Scaling Up
    4. The Effectiveness of General Primary Care
    5. The Scope of General Primary Care Practice
22. 29. Health Service Interventions for Cancer Control in Developing Countries
    1. Cost-Effectiveness of Cancer Control Interventions
23. 71. Health Workers: Building and Motivating the Workforce
    1. Advice for Governments
    2. Health Care Provision and Associated Human Resource Needs
    3. Health Care Staff
    4. Health Worker Incentives
    5. Research and Development Agenda
24. 48. Illicit Opiate Abuse
    1. Annex 48.A: Prevalence of Use, Adverse Health Effects of and Interventions for Cannabis, Cocaine, Amphetamines, and MDMA Use and Dependence
    2. Interventions for Illicit Opioid Dependence
    3. Relevance to Developing Countries
25. 8. Improving the Health of Populations: Lessons of Experience
    1. Intervention Type, Programmatic Characteristics, and Policies
26. 70. Improving the Quality of Care in Developing Countries
    1. Conclusion
    2. Economic Benefits and Costs of Quality Care
    3. Measuring Quality
    4. Policy Interventions to Improve Quality
    5. Quality Definition and Population Framework
27. 42. Indoor Air Pollution
    1. Conclusions
28. 54. Information to Improve Decision Making for Health
    1. Benefits, Costs, and Cost-Effectiveness of Improved Information
    2. Conclusions
    3. Financing of Improved Health Information
    4. Implementation of Change: Lessons of Experience
    5. Introduction
    6. Systems and Supply of Health Information
29. 63. Integrated Management of the Sick Child
    1. Conclusions: Promises and Pitfalls
    2. Implementation of Programs: Lessons of Experience
    3. Intervention Cost and Cost-Effectiveness
    4. Interventions
    5. The Research and Development Agenda
30. 40. Interpersonal Violence
    1. Implementation of Prevention Strategies
    2. Interventions
    3. The Nature, Burden, and Causes of Interpersonal Violence
31. 2. Intervention Cost–Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages
    1. Assessing the Evidence on the Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    2. Discussion
    3. Priority Setting
32. 1. Investing in Health
    1. Child Health
    2. Conclusions
    3. Development Assistance for Health
    4. Health System Development and Finance
    5. Noncommunicable Disease and Injury
    6. Research and Development
    7. The Economic Benefits of Better Health
33. 49. Learning and Developmental Disabilities
    1. Interventions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    2. Research Agenda for Prevention of Disabilities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
34. 50. Loss of Vision and Hearing
35. 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
    1. Conclusions
    2. Cost-Effectiveness of Selected Intervention Packages
    3. Economic Benefits of Intervention
    4. Epidemiology of Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
    5. Interventions
    6. Lessons for Implementation
    7. Research and Development Needs
36. 31. Mental Disorders
    1. Cost-Effectiveness Methods and Results
    2. Policy and Service Implications
    3. Schizophrenia and Nonaffective Psychoses
37. 9. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
    1. Costing and Financing Additional Spending for the MDGs
    2. What Do Countries Need To Do?
38. 61. Natural Disaster Mitigation and Relief
    1. Disasters as a Public Health Condition
    2. Interventions: From Response to Prevention
39. 27. Newborn Survival
    1. Implementation
    2. Interventions
    3. Marginal Impact and Cost of Scaling Up Universal Neonatal Packages
    4. Neonatal Deaths
40. 60. Occupational Health
    1. Economic Aspects of Intervention
    2. Global Burden of Disease from Occupational Health Risks
    3. Implementation
    4. Interventions
    5. Research Agenda
41. 52. Pain Control for People with Cancer and AIDS
    1. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness
    2. Implementation of Strategies to Improve Pain Control
    3. Recommendations for Research and Development
42. 44. Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes
    1. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    2. Interventions
43. 4. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
    1. Needs, Context, Opportunities, and Major Challenges
    2. Priority Setting
44. 6. Product Development Priorities
    1. Regulatory and Liability Issues
45. 53. Public Health Surveillance: A Tool for Targeting and Monitoring Intervention
    1. Acknowledgments
    2. Analysis and Dissemination of Surveillance Data
    3. Conclusion
    4. Definitions and Basic Concepts
    5. Economics of Public Health Surveillance Systems
    6. Establishing and Maintaining a Surveillance System
    7. Future of Surveillance
    8. Global Surveillance Networks
    9. Objectives of Surveillance Systems
    10. Principles and Uses of Surveillance
    11. Research Agenda in Public Health Surveillance
    12. Selected Surveillance Strategies
    13. Surveillance as a Component of National Public Health Systems
    14. Surveillance as a Tool to Improve Public Health
    15. Surveillance for Specific Conditions
    16. The Role of Surveillance in Major Outbreaks
46. 13. Recent Trends and Innovations in Development Assistance for Health
    1. Making Development Assistance for Health More Effective: Lessons Learned
    2. Recent Innovations to Improve the Effectiveness of Development Assistance for Health
    3. Trends and Gaps in Development Assistance for Health
47. 66. Referral Hospitals
    1. Concluding Comments
    2. Current Balance of Care in Practice
    3. Definition and Characteristics
    4. Determinants of an Appropriate Balance of Referral-Level Care
    5. Functions and Benefits
    6. Getting Better Value for Money from the Hospital System
48. 58. School–Based Health and Nutrition Programs
    1. Conclusions
    2. Cost-Effectiveness of Intervention
49. 5. Science and Technology for Disease Control: Past, Present, and Future
    1. Science, Technology, and Medicine in the 20th Century
    2. Science, Technology, and Medicine in the Future
50. 17. Sexually Transmitted Infections
    1. Bacterial and Viral STIs and Their Sequelae
    2. Introduction
    3. Research and Development Agenda
51. 73. Strategic Management of Clinical Services
    1. Managing Clinical Services in Different Settings
    2. Summary
    3. The Specifics: What Works?
    4. What Is Management?
52. 3. Strengthening Health Systems
    1. Acknowledgments
    2. Assessment of Approaches to Strengthen Health System Capacity
    3. Conclusions
    4. Health System Constraints on the Delivery of Public and Personal Health Services
    5. History and Current Themes
    6. Research Priorities
    7. Solutions in Low-Capacity Environments
    8. Targeting Resources
53. 67. Surgery
    1. Interventions
    2. Nature, Causes, and Burden of Surgical Conditions
    3. Research and Development Agenda
54. 65. The District Hospital
    1. Definitions, Basic Concepts, and Framework
    2. Economics of District Hospitals: A Summary of Reported Experience
    3. Effecting Change with Cross-Cutting Interventions
    4. Factors Influencing District Hospitals' Performance
55. 45. The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight
    1. Interventions
56. 46. Tobacco Addiction
    1. Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Tobacco-Control Interventions
    2. Rationale for Government Intervention
57. 16. Tuberculosis
    1. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions against Tuberculosis
58. 39. Unintentional Injuries
59. 20. Vaccine–Preventable Diseases
    1. Causes and Epidemiology of Diseases Prevented by Vaccines Used in National Immunization Programs
    2. Expanded Program on Immunization
60. 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
    1. Effect on Burden of Disease
    2. Excreta Disposal
    3. Water Supply

Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors

1. 4. Comparative Quantification of Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Risk Factors
   1. Joint Effects of Multiple Risk Factors
2. 6. Incorporating Deaths Near the Time of Birth into Estimates of the Global Burden of Disease
3. 1. Measuring the Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, 1990—2001
4. 5. Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses for Burden of Disease and Risk Factor Estimates
   1. Conclusions
   2. Uncertainty Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Estimates
   3. Uncertainty Arising from Epidemiological Estimates
   4. Uncertainty Estimates for All-Cause Mortality and Life Expectancies
   5. Uncertainty Estimates for Regional Mortality by Cause
   6. Uncertainty in the Disease Burden Attributable to Risk Factors
5. 3. The Burden of Disease and Mortality by Condition: Data, Methods, and Results for 2001
   1. Discussion and Conclusions
   2. Estimating Deaths by Cause: Methods and Data
   3. Estimating Incidence, Prevalence, and YLD: Methods and Data

Priorities in Health

1. 1. Accomplishments, Challenges, and Priorities
   1. An Agenda for Action
2. 5. Cost–Effective Strategies for Noncommunicable Diseases, Risk Factors, and Behaviors
   1. Conclusion
   2. Congenital and Developmental Disorders
3. 4. Cost–Effective Strategies for the Excess Burden of Disease in Developing Countries
   1. Infectious and Communicable Diseases
   2. Maternal and Neonatal Health
4. 3. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis
   1. How Can Policy Makers Use Cost-Effectiveness Analysis?
5. 7. Pillars of the Health System
   1. Financing
   2. Human Resources
   3. Information, Surveillance, and Research
   4. Management of Health Services
6. 6. Providing Interventions
   1. Cross-Level Services and Inputs
   2. Integration of Services Across the Life Cycle
   3. Levels of Care
7. 2. Success in Addressing Priorities
   1. Conclusion
   2. Cost-Effective Interventions Aimed at Building Health Systems
   3. Cost-Effective Interventions Beyond Health Systems
   4. Cost-Effective Interventions That Furthered Existing Health Systems
   5. Successes Despite Weak Health Systems
   6. Successes That Strengthened Weak Health Systems

Chapter Presentations

Chapter 03. Strengthening Health Systems

1. Constraints on Improving Access to Health Interventions, By Level
2. Health Sector Constraints to Improving Access to Health Interventions
3. Public Policy Constraints to Improving Access to Health Interventions
4. Environmental and Contextual Constraints to Improving Access to Health Interventions
5. Health System Constraints and Possible Disease-Specific and Health System Responses

Chapter 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion

1. Median Construction Cost of Water Supply Facilities for Select Regions
2. Median Construction Cost of Sanitation Technologies in Select Regions
3. Cost-effectiveness of Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion

Chapter 54. Information to Improve Decision Making for Health

1. Health Information Available from Sources Outside the Health Sector
2. Estimated Annual Cost of Essential Health Information Subsystems (millions)