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Special Populations

Despite substantial improvements in health services, special populations remain disproportionately at risk.

Maternal and perinatal conditions represented the single largest contributor to the global burden of disease in 2001. More than 99 percent of maternal deaths and 99 percent of neonatal deaths occur in the developing world. Increased access to skilled care, medications, and a well-functioning health care system can significantly reduce these deaths.

In 2000, almost 11 million children in developing countries died before their fifth birthday. Deaths are concentrated among those who suffer from diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria and other infectious disease, and malnutrition. Providing integrated management of childhood illness can dramatically help by upgrading health workers’ performance, strengthening health systems, and improving family and community practices.

Adolescence is a critical time for adopting or avoiding behaviors that increase the risk of serious illness in the future. Relatively few health initiatives are available on a large scale for this population, and implementing such programs requires coordinating a complex range of interventions.

Sub-topics

Find more specific references for the following sub-topic(s):
  1. Child and Adolescent Health
  2. Maternal and Neonatal Health
  3. Women's Health

Publications

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Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd Edition)
  1. 1. Investing in Health
  2. 2. Intervention Cost–Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages
  3. 3. Strengthening Health Systems
  4. 4. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
  5. 5. Science and Technology for Disease Control: Past, Present, and Future
  6. 8. Improving the Health of Populations: Lessons of Experience
  7. 9. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
  8. 10. Gender Differentials in Health
  9. 11. Fiscal Policies for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
  10. 13. Recent Trends and Innovations in Development Assistance for Health
  11. 15. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis for Priority Setting
  12. 16. Tuberculosis
  13. 17. Sexually Transmitted Infections
  14. 18. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment
  15. 19. Diarrheal Diseases
  16. 20. Vaccine–Preventable Diseases
  17. 21. Conquering Malaria
  18. 24. Helminth Infections: Soil–Transmitted Helminth Infections and Schistosomiasis
  19. 25. Acute Respiratory Infections in Children
  20. 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
  21. 27. Newborn Survival
  22. 28. Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders
  23. 29. Health Service Interventions for Cancer Control in Developing Countries
  24. 30. Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions
  25. 31. Mental Disorders
  26. 32. Neurological Disorders
  27. 33. Cardiovascular Disease
  28. 34. Inherited Disorders of Hemoglobin
  29. 36. Diseases of the Kidney and the Urinary System
  30. 38. Oral and Craniofacial Diseases and Disorders
  31. 39. Unintentional Injuries
  32. 40. Interpersonal Violence
  33. 41. Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion
  34. 42. Indoor Air Pollution
  35. 43. Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control
  36. 44. Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes
  37. 46. Tobacco Addiction
  38. 47. Alcohol
  39. 48. Illicit Opiate Abuse
  40. 49. Learning and Developmental Disabilities
  41. 50. Loss of Vision and Hearing
  42. 51. Cost–Effectiveness of Interventions for Musculoskeletal Conditions
  43. 55. Drug Resistance
  44. 56. Community Health and Nutrition Programs
  45. 57. Contraception
  46. 58. School–Based Health and Nutrition Programs
  47. 59. Adolescent Health Programs
  48. 62. Control and Eradication
  49. 63. Integrated Management of the Sick Child
  50. 64. General Primary Care
  51. 65. The District Hospital
  52. 68. Emergency Medical Services
  53. 71. Health Workers: Building and Motivating the Workforce
Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors
  1. 1. Measuring the Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, 1990—2001
  2. 2. Demographic and Epidemiological Characteristics of Major Regions, 1990—2001
  3. 3. The Burden of Disease and Mortality by Condition: Data, Methods, and Results for 2001
  4. 4. Comparative Quantification of Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Risk Factors
  5. 5. Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses for Burden of Disease and Risk Factor Estimates
  6. 6. Incorporating Deaths Near the Time of Birth into Estimates of the Global Burden of Disease
Priorities in Health
  1. 1. Accomplishments, Challenges, and Priorities
  2. 2. Success in Addressing Priorities
  3. 3. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis
  4. 4. Cost–Effective Strategies for the Excess Burden of Disease in Developing Countries
  5. 5. Cost–Effective Strategies for Noncommunicable Diseases, Risk Factors, and Behaviors
  6. 6. Providing Interventions
  7. 7. Pillars of the Health System
  8. 8. The Way Forward: A Blueprint for Action

Chapter Presentations

Chapter 02. Intervention Cost-Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages
  1. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Childhood Conditions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  2. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in Sub-Saharan Africa: HIV/AIDS and Maternal and Neonatal Care
  3. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in Sub-Saharan Africa: Childhood Immunization, Malaria, and Childhood Illnesses
  4. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in South Asia: Childhood Immunization, Lower Acute Respiratory Illness, and Maternal and Neonatal Care
Chapter 01. Investing in Health
  1. The Burden of Disease, 2001
  2. Reducing Under-five Mortality: How much health will a million dollars buy?
  3. Causes of Death, 2001
Chapter 04. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
  1. Disease Burden Distribution, by Select World Bank Region, 2001
  2. Disease Burden Distribution, by Select World Bank Region, 2001
Chapter 20. Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
  1. Cost per Deaths and Disability Adjusted Life Years Averted by Vaccination, 2001
  2. Deaths Averted by Vaccination for Hib and Hepatitis B, 2001
  3. Deaths Averted by Vaccination for Measles and Yellow Fever, 2001
  4. Annual Cost per Fully Immunized Child for the Traditional Childhood Vaccines, By Region, 2001
  5. Annual Cost per Fully Immunized Child for the Traditional Childhood Vaccines, By Immunization Strategy, 2001
  6. Disability Adjusted Life Years Lost from Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 2001
  7. Deaths Averted by Vaccination for Tetanus and Polio, 2001
Chapter 09. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
  1. Effective Interventions to Achieve the Maternal Mortality MDG
  2. Effective Interventions to Achieve the Child Mortality MDG
Chapter 10. Gender Differentials in Health
  1. Gender Ratio of Conditions that Affect Women Disproportionately, 2001
  2. Percentage of DALYs Resulting from Selected Conditions Specific to Women, 2001
  3. Burden of Disease, By Gender and Age, 2001
  4. Burden of Disease, By Gender and Region, 2001
  5. Gender Ratio of Conditions that Affect Women Disproportionately, 2001
  6. Cost-effectiveness of Selected Interventions for Maternal Conditions
  7. Cost-effectiveness of Selected Interventions for Chlamydia Infection
  8. Cost-effectiveness of Selected Interventions for Cervical Cancer
Chapter 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
  1. Direct Causes of Maternal Mortality
  2. Estimates of Maternal Mortality, By Region, 2000
  3. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
  4. DALYs for Maternal and Early Neonatal* Conditions, Selected Regions, 2001
  5. Deaths in the First Week of Life, Selected Regions, 2001
Chapter 28. Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders
  1. Vitamin A Deficiency Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  2. Zinc Deficiency Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  3. Iron Deficiency Anemia Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  4. Percent of Underweight Children Under Age Five, By Region
  5. Childhood Deaths and DALYs Attributable to Being Underweight, By Region
  6. Iodine Deficiency Among Children Under Age Five, By Region
  7. Cost-effectiveness of Nutrition Interventions for Underweight Children
  8. Cost-effectiveness of Nutrition Interventions for Vitamin A Deficiency in Children
  9. Cost-effectiveness of Nutrition Interventions for Iron, Iodine, and Zinc Deficiency in Children
Chapter 21. Conquering Malaria
  1. Estimated Deaths from Malaria in Children Under Age Five in Africa, 2000
Chapter 59. Adolescent Health Programs
  1. Young People Ages 20-24 Who Were Married Before Age 20, By Gender
  2. Young Sexually Active Women Using Contraception, By Age Group
  3. Estimated Cost and Cost-effectiveness of Selected Adolescent Health Programs
  4. Worldwide Distribution of DALYs Lost Among Young Women, By Age Group, 2002
  5. Young Women Ages 20-24 Who Had a Child Before Age 18, By Region
  6. Worldwide Distribution of DALYs Lost Among Young Men, By Age Group, 2002
  7. Young Sexually Active Women Using Contraception, By Age Group
Chapter 27. Newborn Survival
  1. Cost of Adding Newborn Care Packages to Maternal and Child Health Services
Chapter 65. The District Hospital
  1. Effectiveness of a Kenyan District Hospital in Preventing Childhood Deaths
Chapter 57. Contraception
  1. Average Cost of Family Planning Services per Infant and Maternal Death Averted
  2. Total Potential Demand for Family Planning in Selected Countries
  3. Average Cost of Family Planning Services per Birth Averted and per DALY Averted
  4. Maternal Burden of Disease Associated with Unwanted Pregnancy and Unsafe Abortion

Resources

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Fact Sheets
  1. Child Health (PDF | 970.7k)
 

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The World Bank World Health Organization John E. Fogarty International Center Population Reference Bureau NLM Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation