HIV/AIDS

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Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd Edition)

1. 1. Investing in Health
   1. The 20th Century Takeoff in Human Health
   2. The Economic Benefits of Better Health
   3. Why Has Mortality Declined at Such Different Rates in Different Countries?
   4. HIV/AIDS
   5. Research and Development
   6. Development Assistance for Health
   7. Annex 1.A: The Burden of Disease in 2001
2. 2. Intervention Cost–Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages
   1. Methodology
   2. Annex 2.A: Intervention Categories and Pertinent Policy Instruments
3. 3. Strengthening Health Systems
   1. Solutions in Low-Capacity Environments
4. 4. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
   1. Key Recommendations
5. 5. Science and Technology for Disease Control: Past, Present, and Future
   1. Medicine before the 20th Century
6. 6. Product Development Priorities
   1. Pharmaceutical Products
   2. Diagnostics
   3. Financing and Institutional Arrangements for New Product Development
7. 8. Improving the Health of Populations: Lessons of Experience
   1. Cases
   2. General Findings
8. 9. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
   1. The Millennium Development Goals for Health: Progress and Prospects
   2. Scaling Up: Defining Interventions and Removing Constraints
9. 10. Gender Differentials in Health
   1. Antecedents
   2. Women's Excess Disease Burdens
   3. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
10. 11. Fiscal Policies for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
    1. Subsidies for Health and Health-Related Products
    2. Taxes and Tax Expenditures: Design and Outcomes
    3. Fiscal Policy to Promote Health
11. 12. Financing Health Systems in the 21st Century
    1. Health Financing Issues in LICs
12. 13. Recent Trends and Innovations in Development Assistance for Health
    1. Conclusions
13. 14. Ethical Issues in Resource Allocation, Research, and New Product Development
    1. Health Resource Allocation
14. 15. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis for Priority Setting
    1. Cost-Effectiveness and Priority Setting
    2. Definition and Characteristics of Interventions
    3. Estimating Effectiveness in Health
    4. More and Less Comprehensive Data and Analysis
    5. Cost-Effectiveness and Population Impact
15. 16. Tuberculosis
    1. Tuberculosis Infection, Disease, and Death
    2. Epidemiological Burden and Trends
    3. Interventions against Tuberculosis
    4. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions against Tuberculosis
    5. Cost-Effectiveness of Managing Tuberculosis Outbreaks
    6. Conclusions
16. 17. Sexually Transmitted Infections
    1. Introduction
    2. Bacterial and Viral STIs and Their Sequelae
    3. Burden of STIs and Benefits of Control
    4. Effectiveness of the Principal Interventions
    5. Intervention Costs and Cost-Effectiveness
    6. Scaling Up Control Strategies
    7. Research and Development Agenda
17. 18. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment
    1. Obstacles to HIV Control
    2. Action under Uncertainty
    3. Prevention in Theory and Practice: Using Epidemic Profiles and Contextual Factors to Inform Prevention Guidelines
    4. Prevention-Care Synergy
    5. Care and Treatment
    6. Research Agenda
    7. Conclusion
18. 19. Diarrheal Diseases
    1. Transmission
    2. Laboratory Diagnosis
    3. Syndromic Diagnosis
    4. Diarrhea, Environment, and Poverty
    5. Public Health Significance of Diarrheal Illnesses
    6. Case Management
    7. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    8. Research Agenda
    9. Conclusions
19. 23. Tropical Diseases Lacking Adequate Control Measures: Dengue, Leishmaniasis, and African Trypanosomiasis
    1. Disease Burden
    2. Management and Control Strategies
    3. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    4. Problems and Challenges for Disease Control
    5. Summary
20. 24. Helminth Infections: Soil–Transmitted Helminth Infections and Schistosomiasis
    1. Economic Benefits of Intervention
    2. Conclusions: Promises and Pitfalls
21. 25. Acute Respiratory Infections in Children
    1. Causes of ARIs and the Burden of Disease
    2. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    3. Implementation of ARI Control Strategies: Lessons of Experience
    4. Research and Development Agenda
    5. Conclusions: Promises and Pitfalls
22. 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
    1. Epidemiology of Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
    2. Interventions
    3. Economic Benefits of Intervention
    4. Lessons for Implementation
    5. Research and Development Needs
23. 27. Newborn Survival
    1. Neonatal Deaths
    2. Interventions
    3. Marginal Impact and Cost of Scaling Up Universal Neonatal Packages
    4. Conclusions
24. 28. Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders
    1. Intervention Costs and Cost-Effectiveness
    2. Program Implementation: Lessons of Experience
25. 31. Mental Disorders
    1. Schizophrenia and Nonaffective Psychoses
    2. Mood Disorders
    3. Anxiety Disorders
    4. Policy and Service Implications
    5. Conclusion: Public Support for a Cost-Effective Intervention Package
26. 37. Skin Diseases
    1. Patterns of Skin Diseases at the Community Level
    2. Economic Assessments and Skin Diseases in Developing Countries
27. 38. Oral and Craniofacial Diseases and Disorders
    1. Dental Caries
    2. Aspects of Treatment of Cavities and of Caries Disease
    3. Oral Precancer and Cancer
    4. Oral Manifestations of HIV/AIDS
    5. Noma (Cancrum Oris)
    6. Developmental Disorders
    7. Common-Risk-Factor Intervention Programs
    8. Research and Future Actions
28. 52. Pain Control for People with Cancer and AIDS
    1. Burden of Pain from Cancer and AIDS
    2. Interventions for Pain Relief
    3. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness
    4. Implementation of Strategies to Improve Pain Control
    5. Recommendations for Research and Development
    6. Conclusions
29. 55. Drug Resistance
    1. Risk Factors
    2. Economic Burden
    3. Interventions
    4. Implementation of Strategies: Two Lessons from Experience
    5. Agenda for Action
    6. Conclusion
30. 56. Community Health and Nutrition Programs
    1. Community- and Facility-Based Programs
    2. Community-Based Programs—What Are They?
    3. Contextual Factors
    4. Future Applications
    5. Research Needs
31. 57. Contraception
    1. Nature, Causes, and Burden of the Conditions That Can Be Addressed
    2. Interventions
    3. Organization of Family-Planning Programs
    4. Intervention Cost and Cost-Effectiveness
    5. Equity: Distributing the Benefits of Subsidies
    6. Economic Benefits of Intervention
    7. Research and Development Agenda
32. 58. School–Based Health and Nutrition Programs
    1. Infectious Disease and School-Age Children
    2. Implementation of Programs and Lessons from Experience
    3. Research and Development Agenda
33. 59. Adolescent Health Programs
    1. Interventions
    2. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    3. Economic Analysis
    4. Program Implementation and Lessons of Experience
    5. Research and Development Agenda
    6. Conclusions
34. 64. General Primary Care
    1. The Scope of General Primary Care Practice
    2. The Effectiveness of General Primary Care
    3. A Research and Development Agenda for General Primary Care
35. 71. Health Workers: Building and Motivating the Workforce
    1. Health Care Staff
36. 72. Ensuring Supplies of Appropriate Drugs and Vaccines
    1. Selection of Drugs
    2. Procurement of Drugs
    3. Quality Assurance for Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines
    4. The WHO Prequalification Schemes
    5. Prescription and Rational Use of Drugs
    6. Financing Issues
    7. Issues for the Future
    8. Vaccine Research Priorities

Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors

1. 1. Measuring the Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, 1990—2001
2. 2. Demographic and Epidemiological Characteristics of Major Regions, 1990—2001
3. 4. Comparative Quantification of Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Risk Factors
   1. Burden of Disease Attributable to Risk Factors
   2. Risk Factor Selection
   3. Burden of Disease Attributable to Individual Risk Factors
   4. Directions for Future Research
   5. Discussion

Priorities in Health

1. 2. Success in Addressing Priorities
2. 3. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis
   1. Why Use Cost-Effectiveness Analysis?
   2. What Is Cost-Effectiveness Analysis?
   3. How Can Policy Makers Use Cost-Effectiveness Analysis?
3. 4. Cost–Effective Strategies for the Excess Burden of Disease in Developing Countries
4. 6. Providing Interventions

Chapter Presentations

Chapter 01. Investing in Health

1. Under-Five Deaths from AIDS, Malaria, and Other Causes, Sub-Saharan Africa
2. Preventing and Treating HIV/AIDS: How much health will a million dollars buy?

Chapter 02. Intervention Cost-Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages

1. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in Sub-Saharan Africa: HIV/AIDS and Maternal and Neonatal Care
2. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in South Asia: HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis
3. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for HIV/AIDS Treatment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
4. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for HIV/AIDS Prevention in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Chapter 06. Product Development Priorities

1. Product Development for HIV/AIDS and TB, Public-Private Partnerships, 2004

Chapter 18. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment

1. Cost-effectiveness of Voluntary Counseling and Testing for HIV/AIDS
2. Cost-effectiveness of Blood Safety Practices for HIV Prevention
3. Estimated Risk of HIV Transmission, By Type of Exposure
4. Cost-effectiveness of Peer-based Programs for Preventing HIV/AIDS
5. Cost-effectiveness of STI Treatment for Preventing HIV/AIDS
6. Cost-effectiveness of Antiretroviral Therapy for Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV
7. Cost-effectiveness of Harm Reduction for Injecting Drug Users for HIV Prevention
8. HIV/AIDS Epidemic Profiles

Chapter 09. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?

1. Effective Interventions to Achieve the HIV/AIDS MDG