HIV/AIDS

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Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd Edition)

1. 25. Acute Respiratory Infections in Children
   1. Causes of ARIs and the Burden of Disease
   2. Conclusions: Promises and Pitfalls
   3. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
   4. Implementation of ARI Control Strategies: Lessons of Experience
   5. Research and Development Agenda
2. 59. Adolescent Health Programs
   1. Conclusions
   2. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
   3. Economic Analysis
   4. Interventions
   5. Program Implementation and Lessons of Experience
   6. Research and Development Agenda
3. 56. Community Health and Nutrition Programs
   1. Community- and Facility-Based Programs
   2. Community-Based Programs—What Are They?
   3. Contextual Factors
   4. Future Applications
   5. Research Needs
4. 57. Contraception
   1. Economic Benefits of Intervention
   2. Equity: Distributing the Benefits of Subsidies
   3. Intervention Cost and Cost-Effectiveness
   4. Interventions
   5. Nature, Causes, and Burden of the Conditions That Can Be Addressed
   6. Organization of Family-Planning Programs
   7. Research and Development Agenda
5. 15. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis for Priority Setting
   1. Cost-Effectiveness and Population Impact
   2. Cost-Effectiveness and Priority Setting
   3. Definition and Characteristics of Interventions
   4. Estimating Effectiveness in Health
   5. More and Less Comprehensive Data and Analysis
6. 19. Diarrheal Diseases
   1. Case Management
   2. Conclusions
   3. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
   4. Diarrhea, Environment, and Poverty
   5. Laboratory Diagnosis
   6. Public Health Significance of Diarrheal Illnesses
   7. Research Agenda
   8. Syndromic Diagnosis
   9. Transmission
7. 55. Drug Resistance
   1. Agenda for Action
   2. Conclusion
   3. Economic Burden
   4. Implementation of Strategies: Two Lessons from Experience
   5. Interventions
   6. Risk Factors
8. 72. Ensuring Supplies of Appropriate Drugs and Vaccines
   1. Financing Issues
   2. Issues for the Future
   3. Prescription and Rational Use of Drugs
   4. Procurement of Drugs
   5. Quality Assurance for Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines
   6. Selection of Drugs
   7. The WHO Prequalification Schemes
   8. Vaccine Research Priorities
9. 14. Ethical Issues in Resource Allocation, Research, and New Product Development
   1. Health Resource Allocation
10. 12. Financing Health Systems in the 21st Century
    1. Health Financing Issues in LICs
11. 11. Fiscal Policies for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
    1. Fiscal Policy to Promote Health
    2. Subsidies for Health and Health-Related Products
    3. Taxes and Tax Expenditures: Design and Outcomes
12. 10. Gender Differentials in Health
    1. Antecedents
    2. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    3. Women's Excess Disease Burdens
13. 64. General Primary Care
    1. A Research and Development Agenda for General Primary Care
    2. The Effectiveness of General Primary Care
    3. The Scope of General Primary Care Practice
14. 71. Health Workers: Building and Motivating the Workforce
    1. Health Care Staff
15. 24. Helminth Infections: Soil–Transmitted Helminth Infections and Schistosomiasis
    1. Conclusions: Promises and Pitfalls
    2. Economic Benefits of Intervention
16. 18. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment
    1. Action under Uncertainty
    2. Care and Treatment
    3. Conclusion
    4. Obstacles to HIV Control
    5. Prevention in Theory and Practice: Using Epidemic Profiles and Contextual Factors to Inform Prevention Guidelines
    6. Prevention-Care Synergy
    7. Research Agenda
17. 8. Improving the Health of Populations: Lessons of Experience
    1. Cases
    2. General Findings
18. 2. Intervention Cost–Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages
    1. Annex 2.A: Intervention Categories and Pertinent Policy Instruments
    2. Methodology
19. 1. Investing in Health
    1. Annex 1.A: The Burden of Disease in 2001
    2. Development Assistance for Health
    3. HIV/AIDS
    4. Research and Development
    5. The 20th Century Takeoff in Human Health
    6. The Economic Benefits of Better Health
    7. Why Has Mortality Declined at Such Different Rates in Different Countries?
20. 26. Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
    1. Economic Benefits of Intervention
    2. Epidemiology of Maternal and Perinatal Conditions
    3. Interventions
    4. Lessons for Implementation
    5. Research and Development Needs
21. 31. Mental Disorders
    1. Anxiety Disorders
    2. Conclusion: Public Support for a Cost-Effective Intervention Package
    3. Mood Disorders
    4. Policy and Service Implications
    5. Schizophrenia and Nonaffective Psychoses
22. 9. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?
    1. Scaling Up: Defining Interventions and Removing Constraints
    2. The Millennium Development Goals for Health: Progress and Prospects
23. 27. Newborn Survival
    1. Conclusions
    2. Interventions
    3. Marginal Impact and Cost of Scaling Up Universal Neonatal Packages
    4. Neonatal Deaths
24. 38. Oral and Craniofacial Diseases and Disorders
    1. Aspects of Treatment of Cavities and of Caries Disease
    2. Common-Risk-Factor Intervention Programs
    3. Dental Caries
    4. Developmental Disorders
    5. Noma (Cancrum Oris)
    6. Oral Manifestations of HIV/AIDS
    7. Oral Precancer and Cancer
    8. Research and Future Actions
25. 52. Pain Control for People with Cancer and AIDS
    1. Burden of Pain from Cancer and AIDS
    2. Conclusions
    3. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness
    4. Implementation of Strategies to Improve Pain Control
    5. Interventions for Pain Relief
    6. Recommendations for Research and Development
26. 4. Priorities for Global Research and Development of Interventions
    1. Key Recommendations
27. 6. Product Development Priorities
    1. Diagnostics
    2. Financing and Institutional Arrangements for New Product Development
    3. Pharmaceutical Products
28. 13. Recent Trends and Innovations in Development Assistance for Health
    1. Conclusions
29. 58. School–Based Health and Nutrition Programs
    1. Implementation of Programs and Lessons from Experience
    2. Infectious Disease and School-Age Children
    3. Research and Development Agenda
30. 5. Science and Technology for Disease Control: Past, Present, and Future
    1. Medicine before the 20th Century
31. 17. Sexually Transmitted Infections
    1. Bacterial and Viral STIs and Their Sequelae
    2. Burden of STIs and Benefits of Control
    3. Effectiveness of the Principal Interventions
    4. Intervention Costs and Cost-Effectiveness
    5. Introduction
    6. Research and Development Agenda
    7. Scaling Up Control Strategies
32. 37. Skin Diseases
    1. Economic Assessments and Skin Diseases in Developing Countries
    2. Patterns of Skin Diseases at the Community Level
33. 3. Strengthening Health Systems
    1. Solutions in Low-Capacity Environments
34. 28. Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders
    1. Intervention Costs and Cost-Effectiveness
    2. Program Implementation: Lessons of Experience
35. 23. Tropical Diseases Lacking Adequate Control Measures: Dengue, Leishmaniasis, and African Trypanosomiasis
    1. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    2. Disease Burden
    3. Management and Control Strategies
    4. Problems and Challenges for Disease Control
    5. Summary
36. 16. Tuberculosis
    1. Conclusions
    2. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions against Tuberculosis
    3. Cost-Effectiveness of Managing Tuberculosis Outbreaks
    4. Epidemiological Burden and Trends
    5. Interventions against Tuberculosis
    6. Tuberculosis Infection, Disease, and Death

Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors

1. 4. Comparative Quantification of Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Risk Factors
   1. Burden of Disease Attributable to Individual Risk Factors
   2. Burden of Disease Attributable to Risk Factors
   3. Directions for Future Research
   4. Discussion
   5. Risk Factor Selection
2. 2. Demographic and Epidemiological Characteristics of Major Regions, 1990—2001
3. 1. Measuring the Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors, 1990—2001

Priorities in Health

1. 4. Cost–Effective Strategies for the Excess Burden of Disease in Developing Countries
2. 3. Cost–Effectiveness Analysis
   1. How Can Policy Makers Use Cost-Effectiveness Analysis?
   2. What Is Cost-Effectiveness Analysis?
   3. Why Use Cost-Effectiveness Analysis?
3. 6. Providing Interventions
4. 2. Success in Addressing Priorities

Chapter Presentations

Chapter 01. Investing in Health

1. Under-Five Deaths from AIDS, Malaria, and Other Causes, Sub-Saharan Africa
2. Preventing and Treating HIV/AIDS: How much health will a million dollars buy?

Chapter 02. Intervention Cost-Effectiveness: Overview of Main Messages

1. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in Sub-Saharan Africa: HIV/AIDS and Maternal and Neonatal Care
2. Neglected Low-Cost Opportunities in South Asia: HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis
3. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for HIV/AIDS Treatment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
4. Cost-effectiveness of Interventions for HIV/AIDS Prevention in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Chapter 06. Product Development Priorities

1. Product Development for HIV/AIDS and TB, Public-Private Partnerships, 2004

Chapter 18. HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment

1. Cost-effectiveness of Voluntary Counseling and Testing for HIV/AIDS
2. Cost-effectiveness of Blood Safety Practices for HIV Prevention
3. Estimated Risk of HIV Transmission, By Type of Exposure
4. Cost-effectiveness of Peer-based Programs for Preventing HIV/AIDS
5. Cost-effectiveness of STI Treatment for Preventing HIV/AIDS
6. Cost-effectiveness of Antiretroviral Therapy for Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV
7. Cost-effectiveness of Harm Reduction for Injecting Drug Users for HIV Prevention
8. HIV/AIDS Epidemic Profiles

Chapter 09. Millennium Development Goals for Health: What Will It Take to Accelerate Progress?

1. Effective Interventions to Achieve the HIV/AIDS MDG